• Numerical list of New Notes
• Alphabetic list of New Notes
• 2006-05-30, Notes 4408 - 4449
• 2006-07-17, Notes 4450 - 4475
  
• 2006-10-18, Notes 4476 - 4567
  
• 2006-12-20, Notes 4568 - 4615
  
• 2007-06-05, Notes 4616 - 4750
  
• 2008-03-05, Notes 4751 - 4851
• 2009-09-11, Notes 4852 - 5018
  
• 2009-09-23, Notes 5019 - 5045
  
• 2010-02-16, Notes 5046 - 5113
  

2010-02-16

5046. Aigialaceae Suetrong, Sakayaroj, E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch
This family is described to accommodate three genera, Aigialus, Ascocratera and Rimora (Suetrong et al. 2009). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. as recovered in a phylogeny derived from five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Schoch et al. 2009).

5047. Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones
This genus is described for a species found on submerged, deep sea, woody substrates in the Pacific Ocean (Dupont et al. 2009). It is placed in Halosphaeriaceae based on phylogenetic analyses using SSU and LSU rDNA data.

5048. Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss.
The genus Amarenomyces represented by the type species A. ammophilae was included in a phylogenetic study using five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Zhang et al. 2009a). It resolved among species of Phaeosphaeria in the Phaeosphaeriaceae and thus is treated as a synonym of that genus.

5049. Amniculicolaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde
This family is described to accommodate three genera, including Amniculicola, Murispora, Neomassariosphaeria (Zhang et al. 2009a). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. as recovered in a phylogeny derived from five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5050. Amplistroma Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., M. Greif & Samuels
This genus is described for seven species that have large stromata, small asci with eight, minute, globose ascospores and Acrodontium-like anamorphs (Huhndorf et al 2009). It is placed in the newly described Amplistromataceae.

5051. Amplistromataceae Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., M. Greif & Samuels
This family is described to accommodate Amplistroma and Wallrothiella and phylogenetic analyses of nucLSU rDNA group these taxa in a well supported clade distinct from known orders within the Sordariomycetidae but showing unsupported relationships with the Chaetosphaeriales and the Magnaporthaceae. The family will be placed within the Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Huhndorf et al 2009).

5052. Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf
This genus is described for species formerly in Glonium and Glonium-like species that are found to be phylogenetically distant from the type species of that genus (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009b). It did not group within any known families so it will be placed in Pleosporales incertae sedis.

5053. Ascocratera Kohlm.
This genus finds its placement in the Aigialaceae based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009).

5054. Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd.
The genus Astrosphaeriella represented by the type species A. stellata and one additional species, was included in a phylogenetic study using SSU and LSU data (Tanaka et al 2009). Monophyly of the genus was not supported and the type species did not resolve within any known family in the Pleosporales. It will be moved to Pleosporales incertae sedis in the next outline.

5055. Bertiella (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd.
This genus finds its placement in the Melanommataceae based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucLSU rDNA and TEF1 (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).

5056. Brunneosphaerella Crous
This genus is described for Leptosphaeria-like species that have bitunicate asci without pseudoparaphyses, brown, three-septate ascospores, and a Coniothyrium-like anamorph (Crous et al 2009). It is placed in the Mycosphaerellaceae based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU and nucLSU rDNA (Crous et al 2009).

5057. Byssothecium Fuckel
Byssothecium is placed in the Massarinaceae with a "?" based on an unverified strain of the type species used in phylogenetic analyses (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5058. Camaropella Lar. N. Vasiljeva
This genus was described for a species of Camarops with immersed ascomata (Vasilyeva 1997). Phylogenetic analyses confirm its placement in the Boliniaceae (Huhndorf & Miller 2008).

5059. Coronophora Fuckel
This genus is accepted in the Coronophoraceae based on TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5060. Coronophoraceae Höhn.
This family is accepted in the Coronophorales for the genus Coronophora based on TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010)

5061. Coronophorella Höhn.
This genus is accepted in the Scortechiniaceae based on LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5062. Cryptosphaerella Sacc.
This genus is accepted in the Scortechiniaceae based on LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5063. Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley
This family received high bootstrap support in five gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 and included were the generic types of Didymella, Leptosphaerulina, Macroventuria, Monascostroma and Platychora (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5064. Dissoconiaceae Crous & de Hoog
This family is described for taxa with Mycosphaerella-like teleomorphs and Dissoconium anamorphs and is placed in the Capnodiales based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU and nucLSU rDNA (Crous et al 2009).

5065. Entodesmium Reiss
Based on phylogenetic data from five genes, Entodesmium is accepted in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5066. Eremodothis Arx
This genus resolved among species of Westerdykella in the Sporormiaceae and thus is treated as a synonym of that genus (Kruys & Wedin 2009).

5067. Falciformispora K.D. Hyde
This genus finds its placement in the Trematosphaeriaceae based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009).

5068. Gaillardiella Pat.
This genus is accepted in the Bertiaceae based on LSU and TEF1 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5069. Halomassarina Suetrong, Sakayaroj, E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch
This genus is described for Massarina thalassiae, found on wood in marine habitats (Suetrong et al. 2009). It is placed in the Trematosphaeriaceae based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009).

5070. Helicascus Kohlm.
This genus finds its placement in the Morosphaeriaceae based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009).

5071. Herpotrichia Fuckel
This genus finds its placement in the Melanommataceae based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucLSU rDNA and TEF1 (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).

5072. Hypsostromataceae Huhndorf
This family finds its placement in the Pleosporales based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucLSU rDNA and TEF1 (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).

5073. Hysterobrevium E.W.A. Boehm & C.L Schoch
This genus is described for two species formerly in Hysterographium and Gloniopsis that are found to be phylogenetically distant from the type species of these genera (Boehm et al 2009a). It is placed in the Hysteriaceae.

5074. Hysterographium Corda
In a phylogenetic study of Mytilinidiaceae and Hysteriaceae evidence is provided that Hysterographium is not part of any of the two families (Boehm et al. 2009b). Consequently, it will be listed under Pleosporomycetidae inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

5075. Kalmusia Neissl
This genus is placed in the Montagnulaceae with a "?" to indicate its uncertain status (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5076. Katumotoa Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada
Based on phylogenetic data from five genes, Katumotoa is accepted in Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5077. Keissleriella Höhn.
Based on phylogenetic data from five genes, Keissleriella is accepted in Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5078. Lentitheciaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde
This family is described to accommodate three genera, Lentithecium, Katumotoa and Keissleriella (Zhang et al. 2009a). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. as recovered in a phylogeny derived from five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5079. Lentithecium K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang
This genus is described for four lignicolous, Massarina-like species that have lenticular ascomata, clavate asi and hyaline one-septate ascospores (Zhang et al. 2009b). It is placed in the newly described Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5080. Leptosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
This family is accepted for Leptosphaeria and Neophaeosphaeria based on five gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Zhang et al. 2009a). The family received weak statistical support but the group was distinctly separate from the taxa in the Phaeosphaeriaceae.

5081. Letendraea Sacc.
This genus is placed in the Montagnulaceae with a "?" to indicate its uncertain status (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5082. Lindgomyces K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer
This genus is described for a lineage of Massarina ingoldiana, that includes four species found on wood in freshwater habitats (Hirayama et al 2010). It is placed in the newly described Lindgomycetaceae.

5083. Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer
This family is described for Lindgomyces and a sister taxon, Massariosphaeria typhicola (Hirayama et al 2010). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. as recovered in a phylogeny derived from multiple genes (Shearer et al 2009, Hirayama et al 2010).

5084. Manglicola Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.
This genus is moved to Jahnulales based on SSU and LSU phylogenetic analyses (Suetrong et al. 2010).

5085. Melanommataceae G. Winter
This family received high bootstrap and Bayesian support in two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucLSU rDNA and TEF1 and included were the generic types of Bertiella, Byssosphaeria, Herpotrichia, Melanomma and Pseudotrichia (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).

5086. Misturatosphaeria Mugambi & Huhndorf
This genus was described for nine species that have gregarious, papillate ascomata with lighter colored apices and plugged ostioles and that vary in ascospore morphology from 1- to 3-septate to muriform. It is placed in the Lophiostomataceae based on two gene phylogenetic analyses using nucLSU rDNA and TEF1 (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).

5087. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
This family received high bootstrap support in five gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 and included were the generic types of Bimuria, Didymocrea, Karstenula, and Paraphaeosphaeria as well as some species of Kalmusia, Letendraea, and Montagnula (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5088. Morosphaeria Suetrong, Sakayaroj, E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch
This genus is described for two species of Massarina, found on wood in marine habitats (Suetrong et al. 2009). It is placed in the newly described Morosphaeriaceae.

5089. Morosphaeriaceae Suetrong, Sakayaroj, E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch
This family is described to accommodate two genera, Helicascus and the newly described Morosphaeria, and a specimen of Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus (Suetrong et al. 2009). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009) and five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Schoch et al. (2009).

5090. Murispora Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde
This genus is described for Pleospora rubicunda and is placed in the newly described Amniculicolaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5091. Mycomicrothelia Keissl.
This genus is placed in Trypetheliaceae with "?" to indicate its uncertain status (Nelsen et al 2009).

5092. Neomassariosphaeria Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde
This genus is described for two species of Massariosphaeria and is placed in the newly described Amniculicolaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a).

5093. Oceanitis Kohlm.
This genus is placed in Halosphaeriaceae based on phylogenetic analyses using SSU and LSU rDNA data (Dupont et al. 2009).

5094. Oedohysterium E.W.A. Boehm & C.L Schoch
This genus is described for species formerly in Hysterium and Hysterographium that are found to be phylogenetically distant from the type species of these genera (Boehm et al 2009a). It is placed in the Hysteriaceae.

5095. Ostropella (Sacc.) Höhn.
This genus was included in two gene phylogenetic analyses that sampled multiple members of the Melanommataceae (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Ostropella did not occur in that family and will be moved to the Pleosporales incertae sedis in the next outline.

5096. Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju
Based on LSU phylogenetic data, Pachytrype is accepted in Diaporthales (Huhndorf et al 2009).

5097. Platystomum Trevis.
This genus was included in two gene phylogenetic analyses that sampled multiple members of the Lophiostomataceae (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Platystomum did not occur in that family but clustered with species of Pseudotrichia, Ostropella and Xenolophium in an unresolved clade the may correspond to the family Platystomaceae. The clade received poor support and requires additional work to better understand the relationships. Platystomum will be moved to the Pleosporales incertae sedis in the next outline.

5098. Pleomassaria Speg.
This genus resolves in the Melanommataceae based on a single collection of the type species, P. siparia, used in various phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009, Zhang et al. 2008, 2009a). The identity of the collection was verified by morphological examination (Zhang et al. 2008). The species is the generic type of the family Pleomassariaceae and the family was placed in synonymy with the Melanommataceae (Zhang et al. 2009a). That judgement will be reserved until additional collections of the species are included in further analyses.

5099. Polyplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray
This genus is described for taxa occurring on bamboo and having globose ascomata and Tetraploa-like anamorphs producing conidia with three to eight setose appendages (Tanaka et al 2009).

5100. Pseudotrichia Kirschst.
This genus was included in two gene phylogenetic analyses that sampled multiple members of the Melanommataceae (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). The type species, P. mutabilis resolved in the family but the genus is not monophyletic, with additional species occurring in unresolved clades within the Pleosporales.

5101. Pycnidiophora Clum
This genus resolved among species of Westerdykella in the Sporormiaceae and thus is treated as a synonym of that genus (Kruys & Wedin 2009).

5102. Rimora Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakayaroj & E.B.G. Jones
This genus is described for Lophiostoma mangrovei, found on bark and wood in marine habitats (Suetrong et al. 2009). It is placed in the Aigialaceae based on four gene phylogenetic analyses using nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1 and RPB2 (Suetrong et al. 2009).

5103. Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll.
This genus is accepted in the Scortechiniaceae based on LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5104. Scortechiniellopsis Sivan.
This genus is accepted in the Scortechiniaceae based on LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5105. Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray
This genus is described for taxa occurring on bamboo and having small Massarina-like ascomata and anamorphs belonging to Tetraploa s. str. (Tanaka et al 2009). A new family, Tetraplosphaeriaceae is described for this genus and several others.

5106. Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray
This family is described to accommodate five genera, including Tetraplosphaeria, Triplosphaeria, Polyplosphaeria, and the anamorphic genera, Pseudotetraploa and Quadricrura (Tanaka et al 2009). The family fits in the large Pleosporales s. lat. as recovered in a phylogeny derived from five genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 (Schoch et al. (2009).

5107. Tingoldiago K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka
This genus is described for a single lineage of Massarina ingoldiana, that is found on wood in freshwater habitats (Hirayama et al 2010). It did not group with the other lineage (Lingomyces) and will be placed in Pleosporales incertae sedis.

5108. Trematosphaeria Fuckel
An epitype was designated for the type species, T. pertusa (Zhang et al 2008) and this collection was used in multiple gene phylogenetic analyses where it resolved in a strongly supported clade assigned as a separate family (Suetrong et al. 2009, Zhang et al 2009a).

5109. Trematosphaeriaceae nomen nudum
This family name is used for a clade recovered in four and five gene phylogenetic analyses (Suetrong et al. 2009, Zhang et al 2009a) and includes Trematosphaeria, Falciformispora and Halomassarina. Unfortunately the family was not formally described at that time. However the strongly supported clade is accepted in the Pleosporales and the name will be treated as a nomen nudum until it can be described.

5110. Triplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray
This genus is described for taxa occurring on bamboo and having Massarina-like ascomycetes with Tetraploa-like anamorphs having three setose appendages. The ascomata of Triplosphaeria species are hemispherical with a flattened base with have rim-like regions composed of vertically oriented hyphoid cells at the side in longitudinal section. (Tanaka et al 2009).

5111. Tympanopsis Starbäck
This genus is accepted in the Scortechiniaceae based on LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 phylogenetic analyses (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2010).

5112. Wallrothiella Sacc.
The genus Wallrothiella represented by the type species W. congregata and one additional species, was included in a phylogenetic study using LSU data (Huhndorf et al 2009). Monophyly of the genus was not supported and the type species finds placement in the newly described Amplistromataceae.

5113. Xenolophium Syd.
This genus was included in two gene phylogenetic analyses that sampled multiple members of the Melanommataceae (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Xenolophium did not occur in that family and will be moved to the Pleosporales incertae sedis in the next outline.

• Boehm, E. W. A., G. K. Mugambi, A. N. Miller, S. M. Huhndorf, S. Marincowitz, J.W. Spatafora and C. L. Schoch. 2009a. A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae and Gloniaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes) with keys to world species. Studies in Mycology 64: 49–83.
• Boehm, E. W. A., C. L. Schoch and J.W. Spatafora. 2009b. On the evolution of the Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) using four nuclear genes. Mycological Research 113: 461–479.
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2009-09-23

5019. Amazonotrema Kalb & Lücking
This new genus is described for a new species collected in the Amazonas region. It differs from Thelotrema in having a split between the hymenium and the lateral paraphyses, while Thelotrema has a split between the the thallus margin and the proper exciple (Kalb 2009). The new genus is placed in Graphidaceae.

5020. Arctocetraria Kärnefelt & A. Thell
The phylogeny of the cetrarioid group in Parmeliaceae was studied using a five-gene data set (Thell et al. 2009) with Arctocetraria supported as being monophyletic

5021. Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.
Calosphaeria is shown to be polyphyletic using nuLSU rDNA sequence data and one distinct clade is segregated as the new genus Tectonidula (Réblová & Stepánek 2009), see note 5039.

5022. Ceratostomella Sacc.
This genus is shown to be polyphyletic using nuLSU rDNA sequence data and one distinct species together with closely related taxa are segregated in the new genus Nataniella (Réblová & Stepánek 2009), see note 5030.

5023. Cetraria Ach.
The phylogeny of the cetrarioid group in Parmeliaceae was studied using a five-gene data set (Thell et al. 2009). The genera Arctocetraria, Cetreliopsis, Kaernefeltia and Tuckermanella were monophyletic, whereas Cetraria, Flavocetraria and Tuckermannopsis were polyphyletic. The phylogeny lacked strong support in certain nodes and the authors suggest that additional data will be necessary to elucidate the phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens in more detail.

5024. Cetreliopsis Kurok.
Cetreliopsis was supported as monophyletic in a phylogeny of the cetrarioid group in Parmeliaceae using a five-gene data set (Thell et al. 2009).

5025. Flavocetraria Kärnefelt & A. Thell
Flavocetraria was polyphyletic in a five-gene phylogeny of the cetrarioid lichens (Thell et al. 2009).

5026. Graphis Adans.
The morphological diversity of the genus Graphis and a phylogeny bassed on phenotype characters was provided by Lücking (2009).

5027. Jackelixia S.Y. Kondratyuk, Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt & A. Thell
This newly described genus (Fedorenko et al. 2009) is for the time being regarded as a synonym of Xanthoria; see note 5045.

5028. Kaernefeltia Thell & Goward
The phylogeny of the cetrarioid group in Parmeliaceae was studied using a five-gene data set (Thell et al. 2009). Kaernefeltia was monophyletic in the analysis.

5029. Meridianelia Kantvilas & Lumbsch
For a new species collected in Tasmania this new monotypic genus was described (Kantvilas & Lumbsch 2009). Based on molecular data, the genus is placed in Elixiaceae. Although morphologically quite distinct from Elixia, the similarities in ascus-types support the placement of the genus.

5030. Nataniella Réblová
This new genus is described in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. to accommodate species formerly included Ceratostomella (Réblová & Stepánek 2009), see note 5022.

5031. Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain
The anatomy and ascoma ontogeny of this genus was studied in detail (Plishka et al. 2009). The authors found characters in the centrum development that support the placement of the genus in Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales).

5032. Ovealmbornia S.Y. Kondratyuk, Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix & A. Thell
This newly described genus (Fedorenko et al. 2009) is for the time being regarded as a synonym of Xanthoria; see note 5045.

5033. Parmeliaceae Zenker
The phylogeny of the cetrarioid group was studied (Thell et al. 2009); see note 5023.

5034. Phacographa Hafellner
This new genus is described to accommodate three lichenicolous fungi based on the presence of unilocular, apothecioid ascomata, atra-brown ascomatal pigments and hemiamyloid asci (Hafellner 2009). The genus is placed in Roccellaceae.

5035. Phacothecium Trevis.
This genus is resurrected from the synonymy of Arthonia, resp. Opegrapha and is accepted in Roccellaceae for a lichenicolous fungus (Hafellner 2009).

5036. Placomaronea Räsänen
The phylogeny of this genus was studied using ITS sequences (Westberg et al. 2009). It was supported as monophyletic in Candelariaceae, but nested within Candelaria and Candelariella, which both appeared polyphyletic.

5037. Schizotrema Mangold & Lumbsch
This small new genus is described to accommodate a group of thelotremoid lichens with layered ascomatal margins (Mangold et al. 2009) that occur in temperate regions of the southern Hemisphere and at high altitudes in the tropics and have previously been found to be distinct based on molecular data (Mangold et al. 2008).

5038. Solenopezia Sacc.
Korf (2007) provides a discussion of Solenopezia Sacc., a genus erected for seven species including the validly published but illegitimate (ICBN Art. 58) Peziza solenia Peck, a later homonym of Peziza solenia DC (a basidiomycete). Korf provides a discussion for accepting the lectotypification of the genus by Raitvir (1973) with Solenopezia solenia Sacc. as the type species, the name based on P. solenia Peck. He discusses the authorship of S. solenia as dictated by ICBN Art. 58. As stated therein, the epithet of a validly published but illegitimate species can be transferred to another genus but in the process loses its original author and the transferring author’s name is substituted – not as a new combination but as a new name. In this case, Solenopezia solenia Sacc. is the correct authorship, not Solenopezia solenia (Peck) Sacc. Its type specimen is that of the original author, Peck (1873) but the name dates for priority purposes from 1889 (Saccardo 1889). Korf continues with a discussion of the application of Art. 58 which can result in the loss of ability to find a taxon’s description and the location of the type specimen. Korf discusses the possible use of the connective ex in joining the original author with the legitimizing author. In this case, the authorship would become Solenopezia solenia Peck ex Sacc. thereby informing the reader that they should search for the type specimen and description among Peck’s publications. A formal proposal to change Art. 58 would be needed and in the interest of nomenclatural clarification, would be a worthy endeavor. Solenopezia will be included in the Lachnaceae (note 4988).

5039. Tectonidula Réblová
This new genus is described for species previously classified in the polyphyletic genus Calosphaeria and a newly found species (Réblová & Stepánek 2009). The genus is placed in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.

5040. Thelocarpaceae Zukal
The phylogenetic placement of this family was studied using nuLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences and their placement outside of Lecanoromycetes but inside of Leotiomyceta that was found previously (Reeb et al. 2004) was confirmed (Lumbsch et al. 2009). The family will be placed in Leotiomyceta inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

5041. Tuckermanella Essl.
The phylogeny of the cetrarioid group in Parmeliaceae was studied using a five-gene data set (Thell et al. 2009). The genus Tuckermanella was monophyletic in this study.

5042. Tuckermannopsis Gyeln.
The genus Tuckermannopsis was polyphyletic in a phylogenetic study on cetrarioid lichens (Thell et al. 2009).

5043. Vezdaeaceae Poelt & Vezda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
The phylogenetic placement of Vezdaeaceae was studied using nuLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences and it was found to be outside of Lecanoromycete but inside of Leotiomyceta with unclear relationships (Lumbsch et al. 2009). The family will be placed in Leotiomyceta inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

5044. Xanthokarroa S.Y. Kondratyuk, Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix & A. Thell
This newly described genus (Fedorenko et al. 2009) is for the time being regarded as a synonym of Xanthoria; see note 5045.

5045. Xanthoria (Fr.) Th. Fr.
A new generic classification for xanthorioid genera is suggested based on a phylogenetic study using ITS and mtSSU rDNA sequence data (Fedorenko et al. 2009). For the time being we prefer not to accept these genera until additional data become available and the generic concept reaches a general consensus among researchers working on Teloschistaceae. Hence, the newly described genera Jackelixia, Ovealmbornia and Xanthokarroa are here regarded as synonyms of Xanthoria.

• Fedorenko, N.M., Stenroos, S., Thell, A., Kärnefelt, I. & Kondratyuk, S.Y. 2009. A phylogenetic analysis of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on ITS and mtSSU sequences. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 100: 49-84.
  
• Hafellner, J. 2009. Phacothecium resurrected and the new genus Phacographa (Arthoniales) proposed. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 100: 85-121.
  
• Kalb, K. 2009. New taxa and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae. - Herzogia 22: 17-42.
  
• Kantvilas, G. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2009. Meridianelia, a new genus in the Elixiaceae (Ascomycota) from Tasmania. - Lichenologist 41: 261-270.
  
• Korf, R.P. 2007. On the genus Solenopezia (Fungi, Lachnaceae): Peziza solenia and ICBN Art. 58 – a sleeping dog bites back. - Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 42: 29-32.
  
• Lücking, R. 2009. The taxonomy of the genus Graphis sensu Staiger (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae). - Lichenologist 41: 319-362.
  
• Lumbsch, H.T., Zimmermann, D.G. & Schmitt, I. 2009. Phylogenetic position of ephemeral lichens in Thelocarpaceae and Vezdaeaceae (Ascomycota). - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 100: 389-398.
  
• Mangold, A., Martin, M.P., Lücking, R. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2008. Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota : Ostropales). - Taxon 57: 476-486.
  
• Mangold, A., Elix, J.A. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2009. Thelotremataceae. - Flora of Australia 57: 195-420.
  
• Peck, C.H. 1873. Report of the State Botanist. New York State Museum 25: 57-122.
  
• Plishka, M.J.R., Tsuneda, A. & Currah, R.S. 2009. Morphology and development of Nigrosabulum globosum, a cleistothecial coprophile in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales). - Mycological Research 113: 815-821.
  
• Raitviir, A. 1973. The genus Solenopezia. - Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 3: 22-25.
  
• Réblová, M. & Stepánek, V. 2009. New fungal genera, Tectonidula gen. nov. for Calosphaeria-like fungi with holoblastic-denticulate conidiogenesis and Natantiella gen. nov. for three species segregated from Ceratostomella. - Mycological Research 113: 991-1002.
  
• Reeb, V., Lutzoni, F. & Roux, C. 2004. Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 1036-1060.
  
• Saccardo, P.A. 1889. Sylloge Fungorum 8: 1-1145.
  
• Thell, A., Högnabba, F., Elix, J.A., Feuerer, T., Kärnefelt, I., Myllys, L., Randlane, T., Saag, A., Stenroos, S., Ahti, T. & Seaward, M.R.D. 2009. Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers. - Lichenologist 41: 489-511.
  
• Westberg, M., Fröden, P. & Wedin, M. 2009. A monograph of the genus Placomaronea (Ascomycota, Candelariales). - Lichenologist 41: 513-527.

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2009-09-11

4852. Acrospermales Minter, Peredo & A.T. Watson
This new order is described to accommodate Acrospermaceae in Dothideomycetes (Minter et al. 2007).

4853. Ambarignomonia Sogonov
This new genus is described in a monograph of leaf-inhabiting genera in Gnomoniaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4854. Amniculicola Y. Zhang & K.D. Hyde
This new genus in Dothideomycetes is described for a freshwater fungus collected in the Pyrenees (Zhang et al. 2008). It was tentatively placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. A subsequent study including two new additional species showed that this genus together with other species may form an aquatic clade within Pleosporales (Zhang et al. 2009).

4855. Angiactis Aptroot & Sparrius
This new genus of tropical crustose lichens is described in Roccellaceae (Aptroot et al. 2008b). The new genus is similar to Lecanographa, but differs in having a thalline exciple.

4856. Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd.
Anisogramma is excluded from Gnomoniaceae in a phylogenetic study on Gnomoniaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4857. Aquapoterium Raja & Shearer
This new genus is described for a new freshwater fungus from Florida (Raja et al. 2008). It is placed in Helotiales but not classified in a family, since the family concept in this order needs revision.

4858. Arthoniales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
A phylogeny of the order using three molecular markers is provided by Ertz and colleagues (Ertz et al. 2009). Traditionally used characters to circumscribe genera in the group, such as exciple carbonization and ascomatal structures are shown to be homoplasious.The genera Enterographa and Opegrapha are shown to be polyphyletic.

4859. Ascorhombispora L. Cai & K.D. Hyde
Ascorhombispora is characterised by superficial, dark brown to black perithecia, bitunicate asci; and dark brown, 3-septate ascospores with a wide septum band. A phylogenetic analysis of molecular data show that the monotypic genus clusters within Pleosporales (Cai & Hyde 2007).

4860. Atla S. Savic & Tibell
This new genus is described to accommodate four crustose lichen species having perithecia lacking paraphyses, but having periphysoids at the ostiolum, and large, muriform ascospores (Savic & Tibell 2008). The genus is sister to Sporodictyon in Verrucariaceae in a phylogenetic analysis using ITS and nuLSU rDNA sequence data.

4861. Atradidymella Davey & Currah
Atradidymella is described for a newly discovered species that is a pathogen on bryophytes (Davey & Currah 2009). Molecular data show that it belongs to Pleosporales but the family placement remains uncertain.

4862. Atronectria Etayo
The new monotypic genus is described for a lichenicolous fungus growing on Nephroma and Pseudocyphellaria spp. in Tierra del Fuego (Etayo & Sancho 2008). The genus is similar to Pronectria but differs in the peridium structure and pigmentation. It is tentatively placed in the family Niessliaceae.

4863. Barbatosphaeria Reblova
Barbatosphaeria is described for a perithecial ascomycete occurring on decayed wood of deciduous trees under the periderm (Reblova 2007). It produces nonstromatic perithecia with hyaline, 1-septate ascospores formed in unitunicate, nonamyloid asci. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data show that the genus is distinct from morphologically similar Lentomitella, tentatively placed in the Trichosphaeriales. It groups with freshwater Aquaticola and Cataractispora.

4864. Barnettozyma Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers
This new genus was described in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. based on molecular evidence (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4865. Barriopsis A.J.L. Phillips & Crous
This new genus is described in a study on the phylogeny of Botryosphaeriaceae and its classification (Phillips et al. 2008). It includes species with brown, aseptate ascospores without apiculi.

4866. Bellojisia Reblova
Jobellisia rhynchostoma was shown to be unrelated to the type species of Jobellisia in a phylogenetic analysis using nuLSU rDNA sequence data and is placed in the new genus Bellojisia. While Jobellisia s.str. is placed in the new family Jobellisiaceae (Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.), Bellojsia is classified in Lasiosphaeriaceae (Sordariales) (Reblova 2008).

4867. Biflavia Lücking
This monotypic genus agrees with Barubria in conidial shape, but differs in apothecial morphology and anatomy (Lücking 2008). It is placed in Pilocarpaceae.

4868. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
The phylogeny of this family is studied and Dothidotthia excluded as a separate family (see note 4891) (Phillips et al. 2008). The genera Neodeightonia and Phaeobotryon, and Phaeobotryosphaeria are resurrected The new genera Barriopsis and Spencermartinsia are described.

4869. Brasilicia Lücking, Kalb & Serus.
The new genus is described to accommodate the former Bacidia brasiliensis and five additional species (which are not listed or combined into the genus), which are distinguished from Bacidia by their ascus-type, and differ from Fellhanera by having persistent apothecial margins, unbranched paraphyses and narrow ascospores (Lücking 2008).

4870. Byssochlamys Westling
The genus is revised and its phylogeny studied by Samson and colleagues (Samson et al. 2009).

4871. Celotheliaceae Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman
This new family is described (Aptroot et al. 2008a) to accommodate the genus Celothelium that differs from its sister-group Pyrenulaceae (Del Prado et al. 2006) in their ascospore-types and interascal filaments (anastomosing in Celotheliaceae vs. unbranched to sparsely branched in Pyrenulaceae). The family is placed in Pyrenulales.

4872. Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf, M. Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill.
This new genus is described to accommodate the former Ceratosphaeria castillensis and one additional species that forms a distinctive rhizomorphic subiculum with a synnematous Didymobotryum-like anamorph at the ends of the blackish threads. The genus is similar to Ophioceras but distinguished by ascomata with a basal stroma and shorter, fusiform ascospores. It is placed in the Magnaporthaceae based on LSU and SSU data (Huhndorf et al. 2008).

4873. Cesariella W. Rossi & Santam.
A new genus is described for a new species of a parasitic fungus on a ground beetle species collected in Greece (Rossi & Santamaria 2008). The genus is placed in Laboulbeniales.

4874. Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc.
The genus was re-evaluated based on LSU, beta-tubulin and rpb2 sequence data and was found to be polyphyletic. Chaetomidium is restricted to two species and is maintained within the Chaetomiaceae while the remaining species are scattered throughout the Sordariales (Greif et al. 2009).

4875. Chaetothyriomyces Pereira-Carvalho, Inacio & Dianese
This new genus in Chaetothyriaceae is described (Pereira-Carvalho et al. 2009) for a new species with multispored asci and 2-celled ascospores.

4876. Chimaeroscypha Raitv.
This genus in Hyaloscyphaceae was described for a species with spines on glassy hairs (Raitviir 2004).

4877. Chorioactidaceae Pfister
Pfister and colleagues (Pfister et al. 2008) provide molecular and morphological evidence for the distinction of this new family, in which they place four genera: Choroactis, Desmazierella, Neournula, and Wolfina.

4878. Chorioactis Kupfer ex Eckblad
This genus is now placed in Chorioactidaceae (Pfister et al. 2008), see note 4877.

4879. Conoideocrella D. Johnson, G.-H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
This new genus is described for a clade of species previously included in Torrubiella but clustering within Clavicipitaceae (Johnson et al. 2009). The species share elongated, conical-shaped perithecia and planar stromata.

4880. Cryptodiaporthe Petr.
The genus Cryptodiaporthe is reduced to synonymy with Plagiostoma (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4881. Cryptosporella Sacc.
This placement of this genus in Gnomoniaceae is supported and the generic concept is enlarged to include Ophiovalsa (Mejia et al. 2008).

4882. Cryptovalsaria Lar.N. Vassiljeva & S.L. Stephenson
This genus is a synonym of Dothideovalsaria (Jaklitsch, in litt. 2008) in Massariaceae.

4883. Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri
Nectria cyanostoma is shown to be distinct from Nectria using morphological and molecular evidence and a new genus is described to accommodate this taxon (Samuels et al. 2009) that is classified in Nectriaceae.

4884. Cystocoleus Thwaites
Molecular data suggest that this sterile, microfilamentose lichen genus is close to Mycosphaerellaceae in Dothideomycetes (Muggia et al. 2008). It will be placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

4885. Desmazierella Lib.
This genus is now placed in Chorioactidaceae (Pfister et al. 2008), see note 4877.

4886. Diaphorographis A.W. Archer & Kalb
This genus is established to accommodate two graphidalean taxa occurring in New Caledonia and tropical Australia. The genus is characterized by conspicuous ascomata, which are covered by a thalline margin, the lack of lateral paraphyses, a carbonized exciple and hyaline, non-amyloid ascospores (Kalb 2009).

4887. Diatrypoidiella Manohar., Kunwar & D.K. Agarwal
This genus was described to accommodate two graphidalean taxa occurring in India The genus is placed in Diaporthales and is characterized by having perithecia immersed in a stroma of fungal and host tissue and polysporous asci with allantoid ascospores (Manoharachary et al. 2005).

4888. Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc.
This genus is placed in a new family Didymellaceae (see note 4889) (De Gruyter et al. 2009).

4889. Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley
This new family is described to accommodate the genus Didymella and Leptosphaerulina and is placed in Pleosporales (De Gruyter et al. 2009).

4890. Dothideomyceta
This rank-less taxon is proposed as a name for the clade that includes the classes Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2009).

4891. Dothidotthiaceae Crous & A.J.L. Phillips
This new family is described to accommodate the genus Dothidotthia that was previously classified in Botrosphaeriaceae (Phillips et al. 2008). However, molecular data show that it does not belong there, but is a distinct clade in Pleosporales.

4892. Ectendomeliola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal
This new species in Meliolaceae is described for a new Indian fungus (Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2006).

4893. Endocena Cromb.
This genus has been overlooked in previous editions of the outline and will be included in the forthcoming one in Icmadophilaceae (Stenroos et al. 2002).

4894. Eungeniella Lücking, Serus. & Kalb
This genus is established for several species previously included in Bacidia and Byssoloma (Lücking 2008). The genus is said to be a very natural entity, held together by their apothecial morphology and anatomy.

4895. Farlowiella Sacc.
In a phylogenetic study of Mytilinidiaceae and Hysteriaceae evidence is provided that Farlowiella is not part of any of the two families (Boehm et al. 2009). Consequently, it will be listed under Pleosporomycetidae inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

4896. Flakea O.E. Erikss.
The phylogenetic placement of Flakea, which was previously listed under genera of Ascomycota with uncertain relationships, has been studied using ribosomal DNA sequence data (Muggia et al. 2009). The genus is shown to belong to Verrucariaceae and to be a genus distinct from Agonimia, with which Flakea was previously synonymized (Aptroot et al. 1997).

4897. Gemmina Raitv.
This genus in Hyaloscyphaceae was described for a species previously known as Helotium gemmarum (Raitviir 2004).

4898. Geoglossales Zheng Wang, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora
This new order is described to accommodate Geoglossaceae s.str. (Geoglossum, Trichoglossum) and the genus Sarcoleotia that is currently placed in Rutstroemiaceae (Schoch et al. 2009). Other genera currently placed in Geoglossaceae are probably not related and will be listed under Leotiomycetes inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

4899. Geoglossomycetes Zheng Wang, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora
This new class is described to accommodate Geoglossales (see note 4898) (Schoch et al. 2009).

4900. Gloniaceae (Corda) Boehm, Schoch & Spatafora
The genus Glonium was found to be outside of Hysteriaceae and is therefore placed in a new family Gloniaceae (Boehm et al. 2009).

4901. Glonium Mühl.
In a phylogenetic study on Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Boehm et al. 2009), the genus was found to be outside of Hysteriaceae and is therefore placed in a new family Gloniaceae (see note 4900).

4902. Gnomoniaceae G. Winter
The phylogeny of leaf-inhabiting genera in this family is studied and the taxa revised based on a new circumscription of genera (Sogonov et al. 2008). Six genera are accepted in revised circumscriptions: the type genus Gnomonia, and Apiognomonia, Ophiognomonia, Plagiostoma, and the genus Gnomoniopsis, which is resurrected. Further the new genus Ambarignomonia is described. The genus Cryptodiaporthe is reduced to synonymy with Plagiostoma, and Linospora with Pleuroceras. Anisogramma is excluded from Gnomoniaceae, and Lambro, Stegophora, and Uleoporthe are placed tentatively in Sydowiellaceae.

4903. Gnomoniopsis Berl.
Gnomoniopsis is resurrected and accepted as one of six genera iof leaf-inhabiting genera in Gnomoniaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4904. Gowardia P. Halonen, L. Myllys, S. Velmala & H. Hyvärinen
A new genus is described for Alectoria nigricans and a newly described, closely related taxon. Surprisingly, Pseudevernia furfuracea that clusters among hypogymnioid taxa in other phylogenetic studies (Crespo et al. 2007, Miadlikowska et al. 2006) clusters with Gowardia and forms a sister-group relationship to Alectoria s.str. The study was based on a POY analysis without alignment and no alignment-based analysis was done to corroborate these results. Given the insufficient sampling of this study, the possibility of errors due to the analysis performed, the stark contrast to previously published phylogenetic studies, and the absence of morphological evidence, we place Gowardia as a synonym of Alectoria in the forthcoming outline and propose the following new combination to accommodate Gowardia arctica: Alectoria gowardii Lumbsch, nom. nov.; Bas.: Gowardia arctica P. Halonen, L. Myllys, S. Velmala & H. Hyvärinen, Bryologist 112: 143 (2009) [non Alectoria arctica Elenkin & Savicz, Acta Horti Petropolit. 32: 73 (1912)].

4905. Graphidaceae Dumort.
Phylogenetic studies using an extended taxon sampling (Mangold et al. 2008), confirmed previous studies (Frisch et al. 2006, Grube et al. 2004, Miadlikowska et al. 2006, Staiger et al. 2006) showing that taxa previously classified in Thelotremataceae do not form a separate lineage, but are nested within Graphidaceae. Consequently, Thelotremataceae is placed into synonymy with Graphidaceae. Further, Mangold et al. (2008) showed that the generic concept in thelotremoid species needs revision, since most of the genera were shown to be non-monophyletic.

4906. Hanliniomyces Raja & Shaerer
This new freshwater genus is described based on morphological evidence (Raja & Shearer 2008). The new genus is placed in Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4907. Havispora K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed
A new arctic, marine fungus is described from Norway and placed into its own genus based on morphological evidence (Pang et al. 2008). The new genus is placed in Halosphaeriaceae.

4908. Hemithecium Trevis.
The subgenus Leucogramma Staiger has previously been shown to be unrelated to the nominal subgenus (Staiger et al. 2006) and is consequently segregated as a new genus Pallidogramme (see note 4947) (Lücking et al. 2008).

4909. Herpothallon Tobler
This genus that has long been regarded as a synonym of Cryptothecia is reinstated for species with a loosely attached thallus with a byssoid hypothallus (Aptroot et al. 2009). Additional studies, also using molecular markers, are required to confirm the distinctiveness of this genus that is tentatively accepted in Arthoniaceae.

4910. Hydropunctaria Keller, Gueidan & Thüs
This new genus is accepted in Verrucariaceae for an aquatic and amphibious clade of species previously included in the highly polyphyletic genus Verrucaria (Gueidan et al. 2009).

4911. Hypocrella Sacc.
The phylogeny and circumscription of this and allied genera has been studied and the genus is restricted to taxa with non-disarticulating ascospores and an Aschersonia s. str. anamorph with fusoid conidia (Chaverri et al. 2008).

4912. Hysteriaceae Chevall.
The phylogeny of this family and Mytilinidiaceae was studied using a 4-gene data set (Boehm et al. 2009). The two families are shown to be unrelated. Several genera in the family are shown to be polyphyletic and hence several new combinations are proposed. Glonium is shown to be outside of Hysteriaceae and is placed in a new family Gloniaceae (see note 4900).

4913. Imaia Trappe & Kovacs
This new truffle genus is described for a truffle species having an Asa Gray type of distribution (Kovacs et al. 2008). Molecular data show that it is not closely related to Terfezia, to which it has previously been placed, but belongs to Morchellaceae.

4914. Ischwaramyces V.B. Hosagoudar
This genus in Asterinaceae was described from leaves in India and is said to differ from Asterina in appressorium-structure (Hosagoudar et al. 2004).

4915. Issatchenkia Kudrjanzev
The genus is placed into synonymy with Pichia (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4916. Jobellisiaceae Reblova
This new family is described to accommodate the genus Jobellisia in Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Reblova 2008).

4917. Joergensenia Passo, Stenroos & Calvelo
This new genus is described to accommodate a species formerly known as Psoroma cephalodinum (Passo et al. 2008). The authors show using molecular data that the species does not belong in Pannariaceae, but is closer to Collemataceae. The genus is for the time being placed in Lecanorales inc. sed.

4918. Komagataella Y. Yamada, M Matsuda, K. Maeda & Mikata
A phylogenetic study showed that this genus is better placed in Pichiaceae than in Saccharomycetaceae (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4919. Koralionastetales Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb. & Inderbitzin
This new order is described for the marine family Koralionastetaceae that is shown to be sister-group to Lulworthiales (Campbell et al. 2009). The order differs from Lulworthiales in ascospores and hamathecial centrum (Campbell et al. 2009).

4920. Lachnaceae (Nannf.) Raitv.
This family is described for the tribe Lachneae Nannf. and includes the genera Lachnaster, Lachnum, Solenopezia, and Trichopeziza (Raitviir 2004).

4921. Lachnaster Höhn.
This genus is now classified in Lachnaceae (Raitviir 2004).

4922. Lachnum Retz.
This genus is now classified in Lachnaceae (Raitviir 2004).

4923. Lambro Racib.
The genus is tentatively placed in Sydowiellaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4924. Leimonis R.C. Harris
This new genus is described for a species previously known as Micarea erratica (Harris 2009). However, molecular data have shown that the taxon is unrelated to Micarea s.str. (Andersen & Ekman 2004, Andersen & Ekman 2005).

4925. Leotiomyceta
This rank-less taxon is proposed as a name for the clade that includes all inoperculate Pezizomycotina (i.e. Pezizomycotina, excl. Orbiliomycetes and Pezizomycetes) (Schoch et al. 2009).

4926. Leptosphaerulina McAlpine
This genus is placed in a new family Didymellaceae (see note 4889) (De Gruyter et al. 2009).

4927. Lindnera Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers
This new genus was described in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. based on molecular evidence (Kurtzman et al. 2008), but included the type of the older generic name Williopsis, which therefore is accepted as the correct name for the species in the Lindnera clade.

4928. Linospora Fuckel
Linospora is reduced to synomymy with Pleuroceras (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4929. Lucidascocarpa A. Ferrer, Raja & Shearer
This new genus is described for a new freshwater species from the Neotropics (Ferrer et al. 2008). Based on morphological evidence the genus is placed in Dothideaceae.

4930. Lyrommataceae Lücking
This new family is described to accommodate the genus Lyromma, which includes lichen-forming, foliicolous species with setose, sessile perithecia (Lücking 2008). The genus was previously listed in Ascomycota incertae sedis and the new family will be placed tentatively in Pezizomycotina incertae sedis.

4931. Macrographa Etayo
The new monotypic genus is described for a lichenicolous fungus growing on Nephroma antarcticum in Tierra del Fuego (Etayo & Sancho 2008). The genus is similar to Hemigrapha but differs in the ascoma structure. It is placed in the family Microthyriaceae.

4932. Magnaporthales Thongk., Vijakr. & K.D. Hyde
This new order is described to accommodate Magnaporthaceae (Thongkantha et al. 2009) that was previously listed under Sordariomycetes inc. sed.

4933. Moelleriella Bres.
The phylogeny of this and allied genera has been studied and the genus is circumscribed to include taxa with filiform, disarticulating ascospores and an aschersonia-like anamorph with fusoid conidia (Chaverri et al. 2008).

4934. Monoblastiopsis R.C. Harris & C.A. Morse
This new genus is described for two new species of pyrenocarpous lichens discovered in eastern North America. The genus is similar to Monoblastia but differs in having broadly cylindrical to clavate asci, biseriate ascospores, periphsoids at the ostiloum and a chlorococcoid photobiont (Harris & Morse 2008). It is placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed.

4935. Muraeriata Huhndorf, M. Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill.
This new genus is described for two species with superficial, long-necked ascomata with a distinctive vacuolate middle ascomal wall layer. The fusiform ascospores are similar to Ceratosphaeria and the newly decribed Ceratosphaerella. The genus is placed in Magnaporthaceae based on LSU data (Huhndorf et al. 2008).

4936. Musaespora Aptroot & Sipman
Lücking (2008) followed previous authors (Harris 1995,Lücking & Serusiaux 1997) in placing this genus in Monoblastiaceae instead of Aspidotheliaceae based on morphological similarities with the genus Anisomeridium, which is followed here. The generic name, however, has been shown to be synonymous with the older name Trypetheliopsis that will be accepted in the next outline (Kashiwadani et al. 2009).

4937. Myelochroidea Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg
A small group of four species that were previously recognized as the Biatora/Lecidea leprosula group is included in this new genus (Printzen et al. 2008). The genus is characterized by reddish brown apothecia with persistent margins, branched and anastomosing paraphyses with pigmented, swollen apices, asci of the Micarea-type and single-celled, hyaline ascospores. The genus is tentatively placed in Lecanorales inc. sed.

4938. Mytilinidiaceae Kirchst.
The phylogeny of this family and Hysteriaceae was studied using a 4-gene data set (Boehm et al. 2009). The two families are shown to be unrelated and consequently, Mytilinidiaceae and the closely related Gloniaceae are placed in a new order Mytilinidiales (see note 4939).

4939. Mytilinidiales Boehm, Schoch & Spatafora
The phylogeny of this Mytilinidiaceae and Hysteriaceae was studied using a 4-gene data set (Boehm et al. 2009). The two families are shown to be unrelated and consequently, Mytilinidiaceae is placed in this new order.

4940. Neodeightonia C. Booth
This new genus is resurrected in a study on the phylogeny of Botryosphaeriaceae and its classification (Phillips et al. 2008). It includes species with brown, 1-septate ascospores.

4941. Neoerysiphe U. Braun
The phylogeny of this genus is studied using ITS and nuLSU rDNA sequence data and its monophyly is supported (Takamatsu et al. 2008).

4942. Neournula Paden & Tylutki
This genus is now placed in Chorioactidaceae (Pfister et al. 2008), see note 4877.

4943. Ocala Raja & Shearer
This new genus of freshwater fungi is described from Florida (Raja et al. 2009). It is placed in Phaeosphaeriaceae based on morphological evidence.

4944. Ophiovalsa Petr.
This genus is shown to be synonymous with Cryptosporella (Mejia et al. 2008).

4945. Orbiocrella D. Johnson, G.-H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
This new genus is described for four species previously included in Torrubiella but clustering as a distinct clade in Clavicipitaceae (Johnson et al. 2009). Morphologically, the genus is characterized by producing perithecia and reduced stromatic tissue in a ring around the perimeter of the host.

4946. Ostreichnion Duby
This genus is shown to belong to Hysteriaceae and not Mytilinidiaceae (Boehm et al. 2009).

4947. Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking
The is new genus is described to accommodate Hemithecium subgenus Leucogramma (Lücking et al. 2008) that has previously been shown to be unrelated to the nominal subgenus (Staiger et al. 2006).

4948. Paoayensis Cabanela, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde
This new genus of freshwater ascomycetes is described for a new species collected in the Philippines (Cabanela et al. 2007). The genus is characterized by immersed, slightly erumpent ascomata with openings that fuse into a single ostiole. Asci are unitunicate with a discoid refractive apical ring and lemoniform ascospores. Molecular data indicate a placement in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.

4949. Parabagliettoa Gueidan & Cl. Roux
This new genus is described in Verrucariaceae for a group of saxicolous, calcicolous species formerly included in Verrucaria (Gueidan et al. 2009).

4950. Pentagenella Darb.
This genus was regarded a synonym of Roccella (Follmann et al. 1998), but has been recently accepted as a distinct genus (Tehler & Irestedt 2007).

4951. Petriellopsis Gilgado, Cano, Guarro & Gene nom. inval. (Art. 37.1.)
This new genus is described for Pseudallescheria africana supported by morphological and molecular evidence (Gilgado et al. 2007). The monotypic genus is placed in Microascaceae.

4952. Phaeomollisia T.N. Sieber & C.R. Grünig
This new genus is described for a new species of dark, septate endophytes from Switzerland (Grunig et al. 2009). The new genus is placed in Dermateaceae.

4953. Phaeobotryon Theiss. & H. Syd.
This genus is reinstated in a study on the phylogeny of Botryosphaeriaceae and its classification (Phillips et al. 2008). It includes species with brown, 2-septate ascospores.

4954. Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg.
This genus is resurrected in a study on the phylogeny of Botryosphaeriaceae and its classification (Phillips et al. 2008). It includes species with brown, aseptate ascospores with an apiculus at either end.

4955. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata
A phylogenetic study provides evidence that this genus should be placed in Pichiaceae (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4956. Phylloblastia Vain.
This genus has been classified in Verrucariaceae (currently in Strigulaceae) by Lücking (2008) in an elarged cirucmscription to include species previously placed in Pocsia.

4957. Phyllogyalidea Lücking & Aptroot
Foliicolous species in Gyalidea were shown to be morphological different from the core of the genus (Aptroot & Lücking 2003) and subsequently placed in a separate genus (Lücking 2008), which will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Gomphillaceae.

4958. Pichia E.C. Hansen
The circumscription of the genus was revised based on molecular evidence with species placed in new genera and the genus Issatchenkia being included in the genus (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4959. Pichiaceae Zender
The phylogeny of the family was studied based on molecular data with species placed in three new genera: Barnettozyma, Lindnera, and Wickerhamomyces and the genus Issatchenkia being included in Pichia (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

4960. Plagiostoma Fuckel
The genus is accepted in Gnomoniaceae and Cryptodiaporthe included as a synonym (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4961. Pleuroceras Riess
In a monograph of leaf-inhabiting genera in Gnomoniaceae this genus is accepted and Linospora included as a synonym (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4962. Pocsia Vezda
This genus has been reduced to synonymy with Phylloblastia (Lücking 2008), see note 4956.

4963. Polyblastia A. Massal.
This genus is shown to be polyphyletic in a mutli-gene phylogenetic analysis (Savic et al. 2008).

4964. Protocrea Petch
This genus is redefined based on morphological and molecular evidence (Jaklitsch et al. 2008). Several species previously placed here are transferred to other genera.

4965. Protoroccella L.M. Sánchez-Pinto & M. Schulz
This previously overlooked genus has been described in Roccellaceae (Follmann 1995, 2001) where it will be included in the next outline.

4966. Pseudoparodia Theiss. & Sydow
Based on a re-examination of the type, the genus is transferred to Patellariaceae (Zhang & Hyde 2009).

4967. Pseudostigmidium Etayo
This new genus is described for a group of five lichenicolous fungi growing on Nephroma and Pseudocyphellaria spp. in Tierra del Fuego (Etayo & Sancho 2008). The genus differs from Stigmidium in having a I+ red hymenium and 3-septate ascospores. The genus is tentatively placed in Mycosphaerellaceae.

4968. Psiloglonium Höhn.
In a phylogenetic study of Mytilinidiaceae and Hysteriaceae the independence of this genus is shown (Boehm et al. 2009). Hence, this genus is resurrected and accepted in the forthcoming outline.

4969. Puttea S. Stenroos & Huhtinen
The new genus is described to accommodate an arctic-alpine, bryophilous lichen species previously known as Lecidea margaritella (Stenroos et al. 2009). The authors provide morphological and molecular evidence for the distinctiveness of the genus that is placed in Lecanorales inc. sed.

4969. Racodium Pers.
Molecular data suggest that this sterile, microfilamentose lichen genus is close to Mycosphaerellaceae in Dothideomycetes (Muggia et al. 2008). It will be placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

4970. Reinkella Darb.
This genus is a synonym of Hubbsia (Tehler et al. 1997).

4971. Remleria Raitv.
This genus in Hyaloscyphaceae was described including four species growing on wood and half-woody stems (Raitviir 2004).

4972. Rhizoplacopsidaceae J.C. Wei & Q.M. Zhou
A new family was described for a new genus and species collected in China (Zhou & Wei 2006). However, subsequent studies showed that the lichen is a synonym of Boreoplaca ultrafrigida (Davydov & Wei 2009). The family is tentatively accepted to accommodate Boreoplaca in the forthcoming outline. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the relationships to Ophioparmaceae.

4973. Rhizoplacopsis J.C. Wei & Q.M. Zhou
This recently described genus (Zhou & Wei 2006) has been reduced to synonymy with Boreoplaca (Davydov & Wei 2009).

4974. Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous
The teleomorph of this previous anamophic genus has been discovered and epitypified and hence the name is available for the holomorph (Reblova 2009). A detailed morphological description is given and molecular data suggest that it is best placed in Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4975. Roccellaria Darb.
This genus is a synonym of Roccellina (Tehler & Irestedt 2007).

4976. Roccellodea Darb.
This genus is a synonym of Roccella (Tehler 2007).

4977. Rolueckia Papong, Thammathaworn & Boonpragob
This new genus is described for the Calenia conspersa group (Papong et al. 2008). It is characterized by unique hyphophores, which are setiform, reddish brown with a club-like apex producing bacilliform conidia.

4978. Romjularia Timdal
This new genus in Porpidiaceae is described to accommodate Lecidea lurida, a terricolous, squamulose lichen (Nash et al. 2007).

4979. Roesleria Thüm. & Pass.
This genus is shown to belong to Helotiaceae using molecular evidence (Kirchmair et al. 2008).

4980. Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch, K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Rostrupiella is characterized by large ascomata that are deeply seated within the wood substrate, with long necks extending through the wood to the surface, a bell-like structure protruding into the centrum, large, melanized bladder cells present in the wood cells and formation of inhibition zones in the host tissue. Nu LSU rDNA RNA data place the genus in Lulworthiales (Koch et al. 2007).

4981. Saccharomyceta
This rank-less taxon is proposed as a name for the clade that includes Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina (Schoch et al. 2009).

4982. Samuelsia Chaverri & K.T. Hodge
The new genus is described for a group of species similar to Hypocrella, but differing in having longer ascospores and aschersonia-like anamorphs with allantoid conidia (Chaverri et al. 2008).

4983. Sarcoexcipula Etayo
This is another new monotypic genus of lichenicolous fungi from Tierra del Fuego (Etayo & Sancho 2008). The species grows on Pannaria. The genus is characterized by a thick and multi-layered exciple, the presence of lateral paraphyses, and large, septate ascospores. The genus is not placed into a family, but based on the description it has an amyloid hymenium and is therefore tentatively placed in Gyalectaceae, although the ascus-type illustrated does not seem to fit to this family very well. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the proper placement of this genus.

4984. Schistophoron Stirt.
A phylogenetic study using nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence data demonstrated that this calicioid genus, previously listed under Ascomycota inc. sed. belongs to Graphidaceae (Tehler et al. 2009).

4985. Sculptolumina Marbach
Based on morphological evidence it is suggested that this genus be resurrected as distinct from Rinodina (Giralt et al. 2009). The generic concept of crustose Phyciaceae is poorly understood and is in urgent need of a re-evaluation using molecular data. Ad interim we accept Sculptolumina in the forthcoming outline, but point out that more data are needed for a new classification at the generic level in this group.

4986. Sipmaniella Kalb
For the tropical species Lecania sulfureofusca a new monotypic genus in Lecanoraceae is described based on morphological and chemical evidence (Kalb 2009).

4987. Smarodsia Raitv. & Vimba
This new genus in Pyrenonataceae was described for a new species found on soil in Latvia (Vimba & Raitviir 2006). It differs from Cheilymenia in ascospores with walls that do not change in boiling lactic acid, and containing lipid droplets.

4988. Solenopezia Sacc.
This genus is now classified in Lachnaceae (Raitviir 2004).

4989. Sordariomyceta
This rank-less taxon is proposed as a name for the clade that includes the classes Laboulbeniomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes (Schoch et al. 2009).

4990. Speerschneidera Trevis.
This genus was shown to be outside of Ramalinaceae and will be placed in Lecanorales inc. sed. in the next outline (Lumbsch et al. 2004, Nelsen et al. 2008).

4991. Spencermartinsia A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous
This genus is described in a study on the phylogeny of Botryosphaeriaceae and its classification (Phillips et al. 2008). The genus includes species with brown, 1-septate ascospores with an apiculus at either end.

4992. Sporodictyon A. Massal.
This genus is accepted for a group previously included in Polyblastia, but forming a separate clade in a mutli-gene phylogenetic analysis (Savic et al. 2008).

4993. Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.
Stegophora is placed tentatively in Sydowiellaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

4994. Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Rossman (Rossman et al. 2007) accepted the family in a new circumscription based on the type Sydowiella and included the following genera: Chapeckia, Haplocystis, Rossmania, Stegophora and Sillia along with a few species from other genera. According to Sogonov et al. (2008) the genera Lambro and Uleoporthe may also belong in this family. The diverse biology of this group includes parasites and saprobes on herbaceous and woody plants.

4995. Synarthothelium Sparrius
This new genus is described for two new species of corticolous, crustose lichens with synascomata with thalline margin occurring in Central America (Sparrius 2009).

4996. Teloschistaceae Zahlbr.
A phylogenetic study based on ITS sequences conforms that the generic concept in the family needs re-evaluation and that most of the genera and subgenera currently accepted are not monophyletic (Gaya et al. 2008).

4997. Teratosphaeriaceae Crous & U. Braun
This new family is described for taxa previously classified in the highly polyphyletic Mycosphaerellaceae. The group includes several important leaf spotting and extremotolerant species. The family is placed in Capnodiales (Crous et al. 2007).

4998. Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakayaroi, Hyde & Jones
This new genus in Diaporthales is described for a new species found on senescent trunks of palms in a peat swamp in Thailand (Pinruan et al. 2008). Morphological and molecular evidence for the classification of the fungus are provided. The genus will be listed under Diaporthales inc. sed. in the forthcoming outline.

4999. Thelotremataceae (Nyl.) Stizenb.
The family has been reduced to synonymy with Graphidaceae (Mangold et al. 2008), see note 4905.

5000. Torrubiella Boud.
In a mutli-gene phylogenetic study by Johnson and colleagues (Johnson et al. 2009) the genus is shown to be highly polyphyletic with species clustering in Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae. Two new genera are described, see notes 4879 (Conoideocrella) and 4945 (Orbiocrella).

5001. Trichopeziza Fuckel
This genus is now classified in Lachnaceae (Raitviir 2004).

5002. Triclinum Fée
This genus (and its synonym Squamacidia Brako) is reduced to synonymy with Phyllopsora, which will be followed in the forthcoming outline (Timdal 2008).

5003. Trimmatothele Norman ex Zahlbr.
The genus is accepted in a new generic classification of Verrucariaceae (Gueidan et al. 2009).

5004. Trypetheliales Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman
This new order is described (Aptroot et al. 2008a) including a family that has previously been shown to belong to Dothideomycetes (Del Prado et al. 2006) and was formerly placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed.

5005. Trypetheliopsis Asahina
Trypetheliopsis is shown to be an older name for Musaespora that is consequently placed into synonymy with that genus (Kashiwadani et al. 2009).

5006. Tylophoron Nyl. ex Stizenb.
A phylogenetic study using mt SSU rDNA sequence data showed that this calicioid genus belongs to Arthoniaceae (Lumbsch et al. 2009).

5007. Uleoporthe Petr.
This genus is placed tentatively in Sydowiellaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).

5008. Umbilithecium Etayo
This new monotypic genus of lichenicolous fungi from Tierra del Fuego growing on Pseudocyphellaria spp. is described as being close to Corticiruptor, but differs in having larger ascomata and differences in the exciple and hypothecium(Etayo & Sancho 2008). Additional studies are necessary to clarify the proper placement of this genus that is tentatively placed in Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.

5009. Umushamyces Etayo
This additional new monotypic genus of lichenicolous fungi from Tierra del Fuego grows on Coccotrema cucurbitula (Etayo & Sancho 2008). The genus has a reduced exciple of branched, gelatinzed hyphae, a hyaline hymenium and hypothecium, and asci of the Biatora-type. The genus is close to Scoliosporum and its distinction needs further studies. It is tentatively accepted in Scoliciosporaceae.

5010. Vahliella P.M. Jørg.
Species that were previously classified as subgenus Micropannaria in the genus Fuscopannaria (Pannariaceae) have been shown to be unrelated to that genus and not belonging to the family (Ekman & Jørgensen 2002). Consequently, these species are now accommodated in a new genus Vahliella (Jørgensen 2008). The genus is placed in Lecanorales inc. sed.

5011. Verrucariaceae Zenker
The generic classification in the family is discussed based on a phylogenetic study including recent molecular studies in the group and morphological data (Gueidan et al. 2009). A new classification is proposed with the description of three new genera: Hydropunctaria, Parabagliettoa, and Wahlenbergiella. The genus Trimmatothele is accepted.

5012. Verrucula J. Steiner
The genus is accepted in Verrucariaceae for parasitic species formerly included in Verrucaria (Gueidan et al. 2009, Navarro-Rosinés et al. 2007).

5013. Verruculopsis Gueidan, C. Roux & Navarro-Rosines
The genus is newly established in Verrucariaceae for a sister-group of Placopyrenium (Gueidan et al. 2009, Navarro-Rosinés et al. 2007).

5014. Wahlenbergiella Gueidan & Thüs
Wahlenbergiella is newly described in Verrucariaceae for a group of marine crusts growing mostly in the intertidal zone (Gueidan et al. 2009). The species were previously classified in the heterogeneous genus Verrucaria.

5015. Wickerhamomyces Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers
This new genus was described in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. based on molecular evidence (Kurtzman et al. 2008).

5016. Williopsis Zender
The type species of Williopsis (W. saturnus) was included in the new genus Lindnera (Kurtzman et al. 2008). Thus Lindnera is regarded in the forthcoming outline as a synonym of Williopsis.

5017. Wolfina Seaver ex Eckblad
This genus is now placed in Chorioactidaceae (Pfister et al. 2008), see note 4877.

5018. Xanthodactylon P.A. Duvign.
The circumscription of this African lichen genus is revised and in the new circumscription chiefly characterized by its ascospore-type (Kondratyuk et al. 2008).

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• Follmann, G. 2001. An integrated key to, and a critical survey of the South American representatives of the lichen family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales). - Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 90: 251-267.
• Frisch, A., Kalb, K. & Grube, M. 2006. Contributions towards a new systematics of the lichen family Thelotremataceae. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 92: 1-539.
• Gaya, E., Navarro-Rosines, P., Llimona, X., Hladun, N. & Lutzoni, F. 2008. Phylogenetic reassessment of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes). - Mycological Research 112: 528-546.
• Gilgado, F., Gene, J., Cano, J. & Guarro, J. 2007. Reclassification of Graphium tectonae as Parascedosporium tectonae gen. nov., comb. nov., Pseudallescheria africana as Petriellopsis africana gen. nov., comb. nov. and Pseudallescheria fimeti as Lophotrichus fimeti comb. nov. - International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57: 2171-2178.
• Giralt, M., Paz-Bermudez, G. & Elix, J.A. 2009. New data on Sculptolumina japonica (Physciaceae). - Bryologist 112: 397-403.
• Greif, M.D., Stchigel, A.M., Miller, A.N. & Huhndorf, S.M. 2009. A re-evaluation of genus Chaetomidium based on molecular and morphological characters. - Mycologia 101: 554-564.
• Grube, M., Baloch, E. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2004. The phylogeny of Porinaceae (Ostropomycetidae) suggests a neotenic origin of perithecia in Lecanoromycetes. - Mycological Research 108: 1111-1118.
• Grunig, C.R., Queloz, V., Duo, A. & Sieber, T.N. 2009. Phylogeny of Phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp nov.: a dark, septate, conifer-needle endophyte and its relationships to Phialocephala and Acephala. - Mycological Research 113: 207-221.
• Gueidan, C., Savic, S., Thüs, H., Roux, C., Keller, C., Tibell, L., Prieto, M., Heidmarsson, S., Breuss, O., Orange, A., Fröberg, L., Wynns, A.A., Navarro-Rosines, P., Krzewicka, B., Pykala, J., Grube, M. & Lutzoni, F. 2009. Generic classification of the Verrucariaceae (Ascomycota) based on molecular and morphological evidence: recent progress and remaining challenges. - Taxon 58: 184-208.
• Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Privately published, New York.
• Harris, R.C. & Morse, C.A. 2008. Monoblastipsis (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, incertae sedis), a new genus from the Great Plains and Ozark Highlands. - Opuscula Philolichenum 5: 89-96.
• Harris, R.C. 2009. Four novel lichen taxa in the lichen biota of eastern North America. - Opuscula Philolichenum 6: 149-156.
• Hosagoudar, V.B., Biju, C.K. & Abraham, T.K. 2004. Studies on foliicolous fungi - II. - Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 28: 183-186.
• Hosagoudar, V.B. & Agarwal, D.K. 2006. Ectendomeliola – a new genus of Meliolaceae. - Indian Phytopathology 59: 98-100.
• Huhndorf, S.M., Greif, M., Mugambi, G.K. & Miller, A.N. 2008. Two new genera in the Magnaporthaceae, a new addition to Ceratosphaeria and two new species of Lentomitella. - Mycologia 100: 940-955.
• Jaklitsch, W.M., Poldmaa, K. & Samuels, G.J. 2008. Reconsideration of Protocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae). - Mycologia 100: 962-984.
• Johnson, D., Sung, G.H., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Bischoff, J.F., Kepler, R.M. & Spatafora, J.W. 2009. Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocyeales, Ascomycota). - Mycological Research 113: 279-289.
• Jørgensen, P.M. 2008. Vahliella, a new lichen genus. - Lichenologist 40: 221-225.
• Kalb, K. 2009. New or otherwise interesting lichens V. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 225-246.
• Kashiwadani, H., Aptroot, A. & Moon, K.H. 2009. New pyrenocarpous lichens in Japan, with the resurrection of the genus Trypetheliopsis for Musaespora. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 247-258.
• Kirchmair, M., Neuhauser, S., Buzina, W. & Huber, L. 2008. The taxonomic position of Roesleria subterranea. - Mycological Research 112: 1210-1219.
• Koch, J., Pang, K.L. & Jones, E.B.G. 2007. Rostrupiella danica gen. et sp. nov., a Lulworthia-like marine lignicolous species from Denmark and the USA. - Botanica Marina 50: 294-301.
• Kondratyuk, S.Y., Kärnefelt, I., Elix, J.A. & Thell, A. 2008. A new circumscription of the genus Xanthodactylon (Teloschistaceae, lichenized ascomycetes). - Sauteria 15: 265-282.
• Kovacs, G.M., Trappe, J.M., Alsheikh, A.M., Boka, K. & Elliott, T.F. 2008. Imaia, a new truffle genus to accommodate Terfezia gigantea. - Mycologia 100: 930-939.
• Kurtzman, C.P., Robnett, C.J. & Basehoar-Powers, E. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Pichia, Issatchenkia and Williopsis determined from multigene sequence analysis, and the proposal of Barnettozyma gen. nov., Lindnera gen. nov and Wickerhamomyces gen. nov. - FEMS Yeast Research 8: 939-954.
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• Lücking, R., Chaves, J.L., Sipman, H.J.M., Umaña, L. & Aptroot, A. 2008. A first assessment of the Ticolichen Biodiversity Inventory in Costa Rica: the genus Graphis, with notes in the genus Hemithecium (Ascomcyota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae). - Fieldiana (Botany) 46: 1-131.
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• Lumbsch, H.T., Lücking, R. & Tibell, L. 2009. Molecular data place Tylophoron as an additional calicioid genus in Arthoniales (Ascomycota). - Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 285-296.
• Mangold, A., Martin, M.P., Lücking, R. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2008. Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota : Ostropales). - Taxon 57: 476-486.
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• Minter, D.W., Peredo, H.L. & Watson, A.T. 2007. Acrospermum chilense sp. nov. from Chile and the Acrospermales ord. nov. - Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 42: 107-112.
• Muggia, L., Hafellner, J., Wirtz, N., Hawksworth, D.L. & Grube, M. 2008. The sterile microfilamentous lichenized fungi Cystocoleus ebeneus and Racodium rupestre are relatives of plant pathogens and clinically important dothidealean fungi. - Mycological Research 112: 50-56.
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• Pang, K.L., Chiang, M.W.L. & Vrijmoed, L.L.P. 2008. Havispora longyearbyenensis gen. et sp. nov.: an arctic marine fungus from Svalbard, Norway. - Mycologia 100: 291-295.
• Papong, K., Thammathaworn, A. & Boonpragob, K. 2008. Rolueckia (Ostropales: Gomphillaceae), a new genus of foliicolous lichens. - Nova Hediwgia 86: 201-208.
• Passo, A., Stenroos, S. & Calvelo, S. 2008. Joergensenia, a new genus to accommodate Psoroma cephalodinum (lichenized Ascomycota). - Mycological Research 112: 1465-1474.
• Pereira-Carvalho, R.C., Dornelo-Silva, D., Inacio, C.A. & Dianese, J.C. 2009. Chaetothyriomyces: a new genus in family Chaetothyriaceae. - Mycotaxon 107: 483-488.
• Pfister, D.H., Slater, C. & Hansen, K. 2008. Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera. - Mycological Research 112: 513-527.
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• Pinruan, U., Sakayaroj, J., Hyde, K.D. & Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Thailandiomyces bisetulosus gen. et sp. nov. (Diaporthales, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes) and its anamorph Craspedodidymum, is described based on nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. - Fungal Diversity 29: 89-98.
• Printzen, C., Spribille, T. & Tønsberg, T. 2008. Myochroidea, a new genus of corticolous, crustose lichens to accommodate the Lecidea leprosula group. - Lichenologist 40: 195-207.
• Raitviir, A. 2004. Revised synopsis of the Hyaloscyphaceae. - Scripta Mycologica 20: 1-132.
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• Raja, H.A. & Shearer, C.A. 2008. Freshwater ascomycetes: new and noteworthy species from aquatic habitats in Florida. - Mycologia 100: 467-489.
• Raja, H.A., Ferrer, A. & Shearer, C.A. 2009. Freshwater ascomycetes: a new genus, Ocala scalariformis gen. et sp. nov., and two new species, Ayria nubispora sp. nov. and Rivulicola cygnea sp. nov. - Fungal Diversity 34: 79-86.
• Reblova, M. 2007. Barbatosphaeria gen. et comb. nov., a new genus for Calosphaeria barbirostris. - Mycologia 99: 723-732.
• Reblova, M. 2008. Bellojisia, a new sordariaceous genus for Jobellisia rhynchostoma and a description of Jobellisiaceae fam. nov. - Mycologia 100: 893-901.
• Reblova, M. 2009. Teleomorph of Rhodoveronaea (Sordariomycetidae) discovered and re-evaluation of Pleurophragmium. - Fungal Diversity 36: 129-139.
• Rossi, W. & Santamaria, S. 2008. Cesariella, a new genus of Laboulbeniales. - Mycological Research 112: 917-920.
• Rossman, A.Y., Farr, D.F. & Castlebury, L.A. 2007. A review of the phylogeny and biology of the Diaporthales. - Mycoscience 48: 135-144.
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• Samuels, G.J., Lu, B.S., Chaverri, P., Candoussau, F., Fournier, J. & Rossman, A.Y. 2009. Cyanonectria, a new genus for Nectria cyanostoma and its Fusarium anamorph. - Mycological Progress 8: 49-58.
• Savic, S. & Tibell, L. 2008. Atla, a new genus in the Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales). - Lichenologist 40: 269-282.
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2008-03-05

4751. Acarosporales Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
This order in Acarosporomycetidae is formally described to accommodate Acarosporaceae (Hibbett et al. 2007).

4752. Agyriaceae Corda
The family is shown to be polyphyletic and restricted to Agyrium (Lumbsch et al. 2007b).

4753. Ainoa Lumbsch & I. Schmitt
This genus clustered in Baeomycetales in several phylogenetic studies and hence will be placed there in the next outline (Lumbsch et al. 2007a, b, Wedin et al. 2005).

4754. Anzina Scheid.
This genus did not cluster with other Trapeliaceae (Lumbsch et al. 2007a, b, Wedin et al. 2005) and hence will be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline.

4755. Aphanotria Döbbeler
This new genus is described for a muscicolous species with immersed, non-stromatic, unpigmented ascomata with a pronounced rostrum, thick-walled asci, transversally septate ascospores with cyanophilous warts (Döbbeler 2007). The genus is placed in Bionectriaceae.

4756. Ascomycota Caval.-Sm.
Hibbett et al. (2007) proposed a comprehensive higher-level classification of the kingdom Fungi, including Ascomycota based on recent phylogenetic studies. This classification is followed in the most recent outline of Ascomycota. The authors point out that Cavalier-Smith is the authority for the name of this phylum.
A soil clone group I (SCGI) is shown to be common and widespread in soil samples from different habitats (Posada et al. 2007), which forms a currently unrecognized subphylum of Ascomycota. In a phylogeny based on ribosomal DNA sequences, SCGI forms a sister-group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina. No data on the biology of these enigmatic fungi are currently available.

4757. Ascopolyporus A. Möller
See note under Cordycipitaceae.

4758. Ascotrichella Valldos. & Guarro
This genus was removed from Coniochaetales and placed in Xylariales by Garcia et al. (2006).

4759. Aspiciliopsis (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy
The genus was shown to be distinct from Placopsis (Lumbsch et al. 2007b, Schmitt et al. 2003) and will be accepted in the next outline.

4760. Atricordyceps Samuels
This genus was synonymized with Podocrella (Chaverri et al. 2005), which is followed in the next outline.

4761. Babjevia van der Walt & M.Th. Smith
See note under Lipomycetaceae.

4762. Baeomycetales Lumbsch, Huhndorf & Lutzoni
This new order is described by Lumbsch, Huhndorf and Lutzoni (Hibbett et al. 2007) to accommodate Baeomycetaceae. This family was previously placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. Its independent status is shown by Miadlikowska et al. (2006) and Lumbsch et al. (2007a).

4763. Barrina Ramaley
The genus was placed in Coniochaetales by Huhndorf et al. (2004) and confirmed by Garcia et al. (2006).

4764. Basavamyces V.B. Hosag.
This new genus in Meliolaceae is described for a new hypophyllous fungus from India (Biju et al. 2005). It lacks phialides and the ascospores have two distal septa.

4765. Boreoplaca Hafellner
Bylin et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be placed in Ophioparmaceae, where it will be classified in the next outline.

4766. Bricookea M.E. Barr
Eriksson (2007) suggested that this genus be included in Lophiostoma.

4767. Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr
This order was previously placed in Sordariomycetes inc. sed., but placed by Hibbett et al. (2007) in Sordariomycetidae based on the work of Réblová et al. (2004).

4768. Camanchaca Follm. & Peine
Tehler & Irestedt (2007) synonymized this genus under Pentagenella based on their phylogenetic study.

4769. Candelaria A. Massal.
See note under Candelariaceae.

4770. Candelariales Miadl., Lutzoni & Lumbsch
This new order is described by Miadlikowska, Lutzoni and Lumbsch (Hibbett et al. 2007) to accommodate Candelariaceae. Several studies demonstrated that this order is distinct from Lecanorales (Hofstetter et al. 2007,Lumbsch et al. 2007a, Miadlikowska et al. 2006, Wedin et al. 2005). It is placed in Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.

4771. Candelariaceae Hakul.
In a phylogenetic study based on ITS sequence data, the genus Candelaria was found to be polyphyletic and Candelariella paraphyletic with Candelina and Placomaronea nested within. However, the relationships remained largely unresolved (Westberg et al. 2007). Hence, additional studies remain necessary before any taxonomic changes can be made.

4772. Candelariella Müll. Arg.
See note under Candelariaceae.

4773. Candelina Poelt
See note under Candelariaceae.

4774. Catinella Boud.
Greif et al. (2007) presented evidence from ascoma ontogeny and nu ribosomal DNA data that this genus that was previously placed in Dermateaceae, belongs to Dothideomycetes. The ordinal placement could not be resolved and it is therefore placed as Dothideomycetes inc. sed.

4775. Chaetothiersia B.A. Perry & Pfister
Molecular and morphological evidence shows that a new fungus from the Sierra Nevadas in California with stiff, superficial, brown excipular hairs, eguttulate ascospores and a thin ectal exciple requires placement in a separate genus within Pyrenomataceae (Perry & Pfister 2008).

4776. Chaetothyriomycetidae Dowell
Hibbett et al. (2007) showed that the authority for this subclass name is Dowell.

4777. Chlorostroma A.N. Mill., Lar. N. Vassiljeva & J.D. Rogers
Chlorostroma subcubisporum is described as a new genus and species in Xylariaceae based on morphological and molecular data (Miller et al. 2007). Morphologically the new genus is characterized by a green stoma bearing perithecia, asci with a non-amyloid apex, and subcubical brown ascospores with a prominent germination slit.

4778. Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert
This new genus is described for a single polysporous pyrenomycete formerly in Calosphaeriales (Réblová & Mostert 2007). It is placed in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. based on lack of molecular data and indistinctive morphological characteristics.

4779. Coniocessia D. García, Stchigel, D. Hawksw. & Guarro
This new genus in Xylariales is described with Coniocessia nodulisporioides as type species (Garcia et al. 2006). The placement is based on LSU rDNA sequence data and the presence of a Nodulosporium-like anamorph.

4780. Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke
The circumscription of the genus is studied by Garcia et al. (2006) using nu SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. The authors showed that the genera Coniochaetidium, Ephemeroascus and Poroconiochaeta are nested within the genus and consequently, reduced these three genera into synonymy with Coniochaeta.

4781. Coniolaria Seigle-Mur. Guiraud, Steiman & Sage
For this invalid generic name the name Coniolariella is introduced (Garcia et al. 2006).

4782. Coniolariella D. García, Stchigel & Guarro
This new genus in Xylariales is described with Coniolariella gamsii as type species (Garcia et al. 2006). The placement is based on anamorphic and LSU rDNA sequence data. The genus replaces the invalidly published Coniolaria.

4783. Coniochaetidium Malloch & Cain
Garcia et al. (2006) placed this genus into synonymy with Coniochaeta.

4784. Cordyceps (Fr.) Link
See note under Cordycipitaceae.

4785. Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.M. Sung, J,M, Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
This family was validated for clade C of former Clavicipitaceae (Sung et al. 2007) in Hypocreales. It includes the genera Ascopolyporus, Cordyceps s.str., Hyperdermium, and Torrubiella.

4786. Corylomyces Stchigel, Calduch & Guarro
This new genus is described for a fungus isolated from hazelnuts (Stchigel et al. 2006). The genus is characterized by tomentose, ostiolate ascomata with long necks composed of hairs, and 1-2-celled, opaque, lunate to reniform ascospores. It is placed in Sordariales inc. sed.

4787. Cryptovalsaria Lar. N. Vassiljeva & S.L. Stephenson
This new genus is described for two species occurring on bark of alders in eastern Russia and North America (Vasilyeva & Stephenson 2007). The genus is placed in Diatrypaceae.

4788. Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora
This new genus is described in Sung et al. (2007) in Ophiocordycipitaceae to accommodate former species of Cordyceps that parasitize Elaphomyces species.

4789. Ephemeroascus Emden
Garcia et al. (2006) placed this genus into synonymy with Coniochaeta.

4790. Eucasphaeria Crous
A new fungus on Eucalyptus from the Cape region is placed in this new genus (Crous et al. 2007) that is placed in Hypocreales inc. sed. It lacks a clypeus and has unitunicate asci with an apical discharge mechanism and has Ascochyta-like anamorphs.

4791. Eurotiomycetidae Geiser & Lutzoni
Geiser and Lutzoni (Hibbett et al. 2007) formally described this subclass to accommodate the orders Coryneliales, Eurotiales, and Onygenales.

4792. Flavocetrariella D.D. Awasthi
This new genus in Parmeliaceae was described to accommodate two Asian Cetraria species (Awasthi 2007), which differ in morphological details from that genus and Flavocetraria.

4793. Fuscideaceae Hafellner
Bylin et al. (2007) confirmed that the family does not belong to Teloschistales. In their mtSSU rDNA analysis, the family clusters with Umbilicariaceae and Ophioparmaceae, but this lacks support. Ropalospora did not cluster with the remaining Fuscideaceae, see note under Ropalosporaceae.

4794. Glaziellaceae J.L. Gibson
The position of the family within Pezizales is uncertain (Hansen & Pfister 2006).

4795. Gyalectales Henssen & Jahns ex & D.H. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Hibbett et al. (2007) placed this order into synonymy with Ostropales.

4796. Halosphaeriales Kohlm.
Hibbett et al. (2007) placed this order into synonymy with the Microascales.

4797. Hyperdermium J. White, R. Sullivan, G. Bills & N. Hywel-Jones
See note under Cordycipitaceae.

4798. Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch
This new genus is proposed for Hypocrea eichleriana based on immersed perithecia, hyaline peridium, asci lacking a distinct apical apparatus, and brown single-celled ascospores (Jaklitsch 2007). It will be placed in the next outline in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.

4799. Kalbographa Lücking
This new genus is described in Graphidaceae to accommodate Graphina caracasana and two new species (Lücking 2007). The genus is characterized by dark-brown, thin-walled ascospores, clear hymenium, thin exciple, exposed, wide discs and a shiny thallus.

4800. Kawaskia Y. Yamada & Nogawa
See note under Lipomycetaceae.

4801. Kurtzmaniella M.A. Lachance & W.T. Starmer
Lachance & Starmer (2008) described this new genus from nitidulid beetles found in cacti flowers in Arizona (USA). It is tentatively placed in Saccharomycetaceae.

4802. Lecania A. Massal.
The phylogeny of the genus is studied based on mtSSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence data (Reese Naesborg et al. 2007). The separation of Thamnolecania is supported and Lecania is shown to be polyphyletic.

4803. Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David & Stalpers ex Miadl., Lutzoni & Lumbsch
Miadlikowska, Lutzoni and Lumbsch (Hibbett et al. 2007) validly published this formerly proposed subclass. It includes Lecanorales, Peltigerales, and Teloschistales.

4804. Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva
This new genus is described to accommodate Cryphonectria maackii and three new species in Diaporthaceae (Vasilyeva et al. 2007). It is characterized by a light to brightly colored stromatic disk with blackened marginal zones and hyaline, non-appendaged ascospores.

4805. Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt.
Monophyly of this family was supported in a multigene phylogenetic study (Kurtzman et al. 2007). The previously separated genera Kawaskia, Smithiozyma, Waltomyces, and Zygozyma were shown to be nested within Lipomyces and consequently reduced to synonymy with the latter genus, which will be followed in the next outline. Babjevia is shown to be part of Dipodascopsis and hence the former reduced to synonymy with Dipodascopsis.

4806. Massariosphaeria (E. Müll.) Crivelli
The genus is shown to be polyphyletic (Wang et al. 2006).

4807. Megalohypha A. Ferrer & Shearer
This new genus is described in Jahnulales (Ferrer et al. 2007) for a tropical, aquatic fungus based on the presence of both sessile and stalked ascomata.

4808. Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw.
This new order is described by Zhang and Blackwell (in Hibbett et al. 2007) to accommodate Melanospora and Sphaerodes in the Ceratostomataceae. This is based on LSU rDNA data (Zhang & Blackwell 2002). In the current outline, the rest of the genera in the family are treated with a "?" to indicate their uncertain status.

4809. Melanotopelia Lumbsch & Mangold
This new genus in Thelotremataceae is described for two species previously placed in Topeliopsis (Mangold et al. 2008). In a phylogenetic study the two groups were separated. Melanotopelia differs in having thin-walled ascospores and a dark pigmented proper exciple.

4810. Metacordyceps G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
This new genus in Clavicipitaceae is described in Sung et al. (2007) including six species, often having Metarhizium anamorphs.

4811. Mycocaliciomycetidae Tibell
Tibell (Hibbett et al. 2007) described this subclass in Eurotiomycetes to accommodate Mycocaliciales.

4812. Naumovia Kurtzman
See note under Naumovozyma.

4813. Naumovozyma Kurtzman
Cletus P. Kurtzman (Peoria, Illinois USA, in litt.): The genus Naumovia Kurtzman was described in 2003 (FEMS Yeast Res. 4:240) and included descriptions of the two species N. castellii and N. dairenensis. It has now been recognized that Naumovia Kurtzman is a younger homonym of Naumovia Dobrozr. (1928) (Dothideomycetes), and is therefore illegitimate. For this reason, the following nomenclatural corrections are proposed:

Naumovozyma Kurtzman, nom. nov., to replace Naumovia Kurtzman (2003) nom. illeg.

Type species: Naumovozyma castellii (Capriotti) Kurtzman, comb. nov. (Basionym: Saccharomyces castellii Capriotti. Ann. Fac. Agric. Sassari 14:7. 1966; syn. Naumovia castellii (Capriotti) Kurtzman nom. illeg. (FEMS Yeast Res. 4:241. 2003).

Naumovozyma dairenensis (H. Naganishi) Kurtzman, comb. nov. (Basionym: Saccharomyces dairenensis [as S. dairensis] H. Naganishi. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 31: 107. 1917; syn. Naumovia dairenensis (H. Naganishi) Kurtzman nom. illeg. (FEMS Yeast Res. 4:241. 2003).

4814. Nervostroma Y. Harada & T. Narumi
This new genus is described in Sclerotiniaceae with the newly described N. depraedans as type species (Narumi-Saito et al. 2006).

4815. Ogataea Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata
Limtong and coworkers (Limtong et al. 2008) are additional authors accepting the genus Ogataea. They further transferred some species from Pichia, to which the genus was believed previously to be synonymous, to Ogataea. Hence, Ogataea will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae (with questionmark) in the next outline. The generic and family classification of Saccharomycetes requires a thorough revision.

4816. Ophiocordyceps Petch
This genus is emended by Sung et al. (2007) to include species of Cordyceps s.lat. that produce ascomata in subterminal regions of the stromata and mostly have Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe anamorphs.

4817. Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
This new family is described by Sung et al. (2007) to accommodate the genera Ophiocordyceps and Elaphocordyceps. This clade is shown to be distinct in a phylogenetic analysis of a five-gene analysis.

4818. Ostropales Nannf.
Hibbett et al. (2007) circumscribed this order in a wider sense than previously done. The order also includes taxa formerly classified in separate order, such as Gomphillales, Graphidales, Gyalectales, and Trichotheliales. Only the latter two were accepted in the previous outline.

4819. Parauncinula S.Takamatsu, U. Braun & S. Limkaisang
The new genus Parauncinula in Erysiphales with U. septata as the type species is proposed (Takamatsu et al. 2005). Uncinula curvispora is tentatively maintained as a separate species, which is also assigned to this genus.

4820. Patellariales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
The position of the order is uncertain in Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2006).

4821. Pezizales J. Schröt.
Hibbett et al. (2007) showed that the correct authority of this ordinal name is J. Schröt. and not C. Bessey.

4822. Phaeocryptopus Naumov
The type of the genus clustered within Dothioraceae in a phylogenetic study using ribosomal DNA sequences (Winton et al. 2007), while P. gaeumannii aligned in Mycosphaerellaceae. No taxonomic conclusions are drawn.

4823. Placomaronea Räsänen
See note under Candelariaceae.

4824. Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams, Summerbell & Zare
This new family in Hypocreomycetidae is described to accommodate Plectosphaerella, which was previously in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. (Zare et al. 2007). It further contains several anamorphic taxa that are placed in the anamorphic genera Gibellulopsis and Musicillium.

4825. Poroconiochaeta Udagawa & Furuya
Garcia et al. (2006) placed this genus into synonymy with Coniochaeta.

4826. Protolichenes
Eriksson (2005) stated that morphological and recent molecular and paleontological studies indicate that the subphylum Pezizomycotina most probably evolved from a group of lichenized ascomycetes, the hypothetical group Protolichenes (see note 4324). Hawksworth (in litt. 2007) has pointed out that the name Protolichenes was used by Choisy (1954) to accommodate the following group of lichen taxa: Sphaerophorineae, Thamnoliineae, Roccellineae and Usneineae. Protolichenes sensu Eriksson was used as a trivial name for a hypothetical pre-devonian group of lichenized ascomycetes and, of course, is not in need of typification and is not to be involved in any discussions on priority.

4827. Pseudorbilia Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang
This new genus in Orbiliaceae is described for a new fungus collected once on rotten wood in Yunnan (China). It has minute translucent apothecia, an ectal exciple of globose and angular cells, asci and paraphyses not embedded in gel, and short-stipitate, bilateral asci (Zhang et al. 2007).

4828. Psilopezia Berk.
The position of this genus within Pezizales is uncertain (Hansen & Pfister 2006).

4829. Pyronemataceae Corda
The family as currently circumscribed is shown to be polyphyletic (Perry et al. 2007). Glaziellaceae is sister to Pyrenomataceae s.str., but this lacks support. Several genera within Pyrenomataceae appear polyphyletic. Since numerous relationships lack support, additional data will be necessary before taxonomic conclusions can be drawn.

4830. Rhizoscyphus W.Y. Zhuang & Korf
This genus is included in Pezoloma by Baral & Krieglsteiner (2006).

4831. Roccella DC.
The genus is shown to have its center of distribution in the northern Hemisphere (Tehler & Irestedt 2007) and southern Hemisphere taxa previously placed here are shown to belong to Roccellina based on a phylogenetic study using ribosomal and RPB2 sequence data.

4832. Roccellaria Darb.
Roccellaria is shown to be nested in Roccellina and consequently placed in synonymy with that genus (Tehler & Irestedt 2007).

4833. Roccellina Darb.
The genus is enlarged to include fruticose taxa previously placed in Roccella and also the genus Roccellaria (Tehler & Irestedt 2007).

4834. Romellia Berl.
This genus is reduced to synonymy with Togninia by Réblová & Mostert (2007).

4835. Ropalosporaceae Hafellner
This monotypic family has been regarded as synonymous with Fuscideaceae. However, Bylin et al. (2007) showed that Ropalospora is distinct from this family. They suggested to resurrecting the family, which will be accepted and placed in Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline.

4836. Roseodiscus H.O. Baral
This new genus is described by Baral to accommodate one species on Bryophyta (R. subcarneus) and one on Equisetum (R. equisetinus, type) in Hyaloscyphaceae (Baral & Krieglsteiner 2006).

4837. Schizoparmeaceae Rossman
This new family in Diaporthales is described to accommodate the distinctive genus Schizoparme and its anamorph Pilidiella (Rossman et al. 2007). The family is characterized by having brown or black ascomata mostly erumpent through the host epidermis.

4838. Solorinella Anzi
This genus was shown to be nested within Gyalidea (Aptroot & Luecking 2003) and is treated as a synonym of Gyalidea.

4839. Solorinellaceae Vezda & Poelt
This family is placed into synonymy with Gomphillaceae, following some recent authors (Aptroot & Lücking 2003, Henssen & Lücking 2002).

4840. Sympoventuria Crous & Seifert
A new fungus on Eucalyptus from the Cape region is accommodated in this new genus (Crous et al. 2007) that is placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. The genus differs from Venturia, but differs in having hyaline ascospores and lacking a Sympodiella anamorph.

4841. Teracosphaeria Réblová & Seifert
This new genus is described for a new species growing on decayed wood in New Zealand (Réblová & Seifert 2007). It is characterized by immersed, non-stromatic Ceratosphaeria-like perithecia with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The genus is places in Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4842. Torrubiella Boud.
See note under Cordycipitaceae.

4843. Trapeliaceae Hertel
This family is shown to be distinct from Agyriaceae and resurrected (Lumbsch et al. 2007b). It is placed in Baeomycetales.

4844. Trichotheliales Hafellner & Kalb
Hibbett et al. (2007) placed this order into synonymy with Ostropales.

4845. Triclinum Fée
Jørgensen (2003) typified the genus and pointed out that the genus is not a synonym of Psoroma, but an older, correct name for Squamacidia Brako (Ramalinaceae).

4846. Umbilicariales Lumbsch, Hestmark & Lutzoni
This new order is described by Lumbsch, Hestmark and Lutzoni (Hibbett et al. 2007) to accommodate Umbilicariaceae (Hofstetter et al. 2007, Miadlikowska et al. 2006) demonstrated that this order is distinct from Lecanorales. It is placed in Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.

4847. Usneocetraria M.L. Lai & J.C. Wei
The new species is segregated from Allocetraria based on several growth morphology characters that are only briefly mentioned (Lai et al. 2007). No discussion of the characters is given. Eleven species are listed, but only two validly combined into Usneocetraria (for the remaining nine species no basionyms are cited). Additional data are necessary before this genus can be accepted, for the time being it will be listed as a synonym of Allocetraria.

4848. Verrucariaceae Zenker
In a multigene phylogenetic analyses (Gueidan et al. 2007) show the generic concept in this family requires revision. Several genera were found to be polyphyletic. Four well-supported lineages were found. Morphological characters and their evolution is discussed. Taxonomic consequences are kept to a minimum and only few species are transferred to other genera based on these results.

4849. Wakefieldiomyces Kobayasi
Wakefieldiomyces is included in Podocrella by Chaverri et al. (2005).

4850. Wallrothiella Sacc.
Garcia et al. (2006) placed this genus in Coniochaetales based on LSU sequence data for Wallrothiella subiculosa. This species is morphologically distinct from the type species Wallrothiella congregata (Réblová & Seifert 2004) which could not be placed due to lack of molecular data. The genus will remain in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. for the present.

4851. Zygozyma van der Walt & Arx
See note under Lipomycetaceae.

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• Vasilyeva, L.N. & Stephenson, S.L. 2007. Cryptovalsaria gen. nov. and its two new species from eastern Asia and south central North America. - Sydowia 59: 154-160.
  
• Wang, Z., Johnston, P.R., Takamatsu, S., Spatafora, J.W. & Hibbett, D.S. 2006. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. - Mycologia 98: 1065-1075.
  
• Wedin, M., Wiklund, E., Crewe, A., Doring, H., Ekman, S., Nyberg, A., Schmitt, I. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) as revealed by analyses of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA sequence data. - Mycological Research 109: 159-172.
  
• Westberg, M., Arup, U. & Kärnefelt, I. 2007. Phylogenetic studies in the Candelariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) based on nuclear ITS DNA sequence data. - Mycological Research 111: 1277-1284.
  
• Winton, L.M., Stone, J.K., Hansen, E.M. & Shoemaker, R.A. 2007. The systematic position of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. - Mycologia 99: 240-252.
  
• Zare, R., Gams, W., Starink-Willemse, M. & Summerbell, R.C. 2007. Gibberulopsis, a suitable genus for Verticillium nigrescens, and Musicillium, a new genus for V. theobromae. - Nova Hedwigia 85: 463-489.
  
• Zhang N. & Blackwell M. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of Melanospora and similar pyrenomycetous fungi. - Mycological Research 106: 148-155.
  
• Zhang, Y., Yu, Z.F., Baral, H.O., Qiao, M. & Zhang, K.Q. 2007. Pseudorbilia, gen. nov. (Orbiliaceae) from Yunnan, China. - Fungal Diversity 26: 305-312.
  
  

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2007-06-05

4616. Aporothielavia Malloch & Cain
Greif and Currah (2007) studied the ascoma development in this monotypic genus and showed that A. leptoderma belongs in Chaetomidium. Consequently, Aporothielavia is placed into synonymy with that genus.

4617. Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman
Lücking et al. (2007) described this new genus in Trypetheliaceae for an aberrant species in that family. It was previously believed to belong to Thelenellaceae, but del Prado et al. (2006) demonstrated it belongs to Dothideomycetes. It should be noted that the generic concept in this family requires revision.

4618. Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah
Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales.

4619. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this family needs to be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed.

4620. Arxiozyma Van der Walt & Yarrow
Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) showed that the genus is synonymous with Kazachstania.

4621. Ascosphaerales Gäum. ex Skou
Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales.

4622. Babjevia van der Walt & M.Th. Smith
See note 4643.

4623. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family clustered in Ostropomycetidae and it will be placed in this suborder inc. sed. in the next outline.

4624. Boreoplaca Timdal
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed., supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005).

4625. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
See note 4626 under Botryosphaeriales.

4626. Botryosphaeriales Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker
This new order in Dothideomycetes is described by Schoch et al. (2007) to accommodate Botryosphaeriaceae.

4627. Bryoglossum Redhead
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Geoglossaceae to Hyaloscyphaceae.

4628. Caliciaceae Chevall.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported previous results that this family is nested within Physciaceae (Helms et al. 2003, Wedin et al. 2003). Hence in the next outline Caliciaceae will be treated as a synonym of Physciaceae.

4629. Candelariaceae Hakul.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported the independence of Candelariaceae from Lecanoraceae and found this family to cluster as sister to Lecanoromycetidae+Ostropmycetidae. They indicate that the description of an order to accommodate this family will be necessary.

4630. Capnodiales Woron.
This order is placed in Dothideomycetidae by Schoch et al. (2007).

4631. Catillochroma Kalb
The genus is described by Kalb (2007) for a number of crustose, predominantly tropical species that have a layered exciple with a prosoplectenchymatous outer part and an inner part, which is composed of a textura intricata with large intercellular spaces. It is placed in Megalariaceae and will be accepted in the forthcoming outline.

4632. Chlorencoelia J.R. Dixon
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae.

4633. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
Geiser et al. (2007) and Spatafora et al. (2007) showed that this order belong to Eurotiomycetidae.

4634. Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderbitzin
The genus is described in Inderbitzin et al. (2006) for a species previously included in Pleospora, but differing in ascospore- and anamorph-morphology. Molecular analyses show that it belongs to the Alternaria group and not in Pleospora. Hence, the genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline.

4635. Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter
This family will be placed in Pleosporales in the forthcoming outline, following the study by Schoch et al. (2007).

4636. Davidgallowia Aptroot
Aptroot (2007) described this new lichen genus for a single collection from Papua New Guinea. The genus is placed in Parmeliaceae and said to differ from the morphologically similar genera Cavernularia and Hypogymnia by the absence of atranorin in the cortex and bicornute ascospores. It differs from Menegazzia in having a smooth upper surface and also bicornute ascospores. No molecular data were presented. Since bicornute ascospores are not regarded as a generic character in other genera in Parmeliaceae (e.g. Bulbothrix contains species with ellipsoidal and bicornute ascospores; Divakar & Upreti 2004, Elix 1994), the status of this genus requires additional studies. It will be accepted in Parmeliaceae for the time being.

4637. Davidiellaceae Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker
This new family in Capnodiales is described for Davidiella species with their Cladosporium anamorphs (Schoch et al. 2007).

4638. Dekkera van der Walt
See note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4639. Diatrypaceae Nitschke
A phylogenetic study based on morphological characters of the family is presented by Caraman et al. (2006) who propose to resurrect Peroneutypa (see under note 4701).

4640. Dictyographa Müll. Arg.
This genus is reduced to synonymy with Opegrapha by Ertz and Diederich (2007). These authors confirm previous studies (Matzer 1996) showing that the two genera agree in most ascomatal characters, with the sole exception of spore septation. While Opegrapha has transversally septate ascospores, the spores in Dictyographa are muriform. Consequently, the two genera are merged, which will be followed in the next outline.

4641. Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc.
This genus clustered in Pleosporales in the analyses by Schoch et al. (2007).

4642. Diomedella Hertel
Diomedella was reduced to synonymy with Lecanora by Rambold (1989), which will be followed in the forthcoming outline.

4643. Dipodascopsis L.R. Batra & Millner
Kurtzman et al. (2007) emendated the diagnosis of this genus to include Babjevia.

4644. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Schoch et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis using a multigene data set from 96 taxa and discussed the evolution of characters in this class. Numerous changes are necessary as the result of this study, these are listed under the subclass, order, family and generic names.

4645. Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C, David & J.A. Stalpers ex Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker
The new subclass in Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2007) is described for the aparaphysate Dothideomycetes and includes the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Myriangiales.

4646. Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4647. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Geiser et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to infer the phylogeny of this class and provided an overview of the incredible morphological diversity in this clade. They confirmed the monophyly of the class with two subclasses, i.e. Chaetothyriomycetidae and Eurotiomycetidae. The former includes the orders Chaetothyriales, Pyrenulales, and Verrucariales, while Eurotiomycetidae includes Coryneliales, Eurotiales, and Onygenales (including Arachnomyctales and Ascosphaerales). The placement of Mycocaliciales in the class is not strongly supported.

4648. Gallaicolichen Serux. & Lücking
This new genus is introduced for a sterile foliicolous lichen that cannot be placed elsewhere (Serusiaux & Lücking 2007). In the absence of any ascomata or molecular data, the genus will be placed incertae sedis in the next outline.

4649. Gemmaspora D. Hawksw. & Halici
The new genus Gemmaspora is described for a lichenicolous fungus occurring on Aspicilia species. It is referred to Verrucariales based on ascoma and ascus structure (Hawksworth & Halici 2007).

4650. Gilkeya M.E. Sm., Trappe & Rizzo
Gilkeya is described as a monotypic genus for an ectomycorrhizal fungus in Pyrenomataceae (Smith et al. 2006). The new genus is similar to Genea, but differs in having globose ascospores, vinaceous peridium and lack of a basal tuft of hyphae. In the phylogenetic analyses using nu LSU rDNA sequences, the genus is sister to Genea.

4651. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams
This new family is described in Zhang et al. (2007) to accommodate the genus Glomerella. The new family is placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed.

4652. Guignardia Viala & Ravaz
Schoch et al. (2007) showed that the genus belongs to Bortyosphaeriaceae.

4653. Gyalectales Henssen & Jahns ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Gyalectales was shown to be nested within Ostropales by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) who discussed the possible classification of Ostropales (Ostropales s. lat. vs. Graphidales, Gyalectales and Ostropales s.str.). Gyalectales will be included in Ostropales in the next outline. Molecular analyses including Gomphillaceae and Odontotremataceae are urgently needed for a revised classification in this group.

4654. Helicogonium W.L. White
Suh et al. (2007) include this genus in Endomycetaceae. However, no molecular data are currently available and Baral (1999) and Ertz and Diederich (2007) point out similarities to other mycoparasitic Helotiales. Currently, the genus is placed under Ascomycota inc. sed. and will remain there until molecular data become available that will allow us to understand the relationships of that genus.

4655. Helotiales Nannf.
Wang et al. (2007) found this order to be paraphyletic with Cyttariales, Erysiphales, and Rhytismatales nested within.

4656. Heyderia (Fr.) Link
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae.

4657. Himantormia I.M. Lamb
The placement of this Antarctic endemic in Parmeliaceae is supported by Thell et al. (2007), but the closest relative within the family remains unknown. The genus is expanded to include Nimisia that occurs in Tierra del Fuego (see note 4694).

4658. Holwaya Sacc.
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Bulgariaceae.

4659. Hymeneliaceae Körb.
In the analysis by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family was sister to Agyriales. It will be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline.

4660. Hyphopichia von Arx & van der Walt
Kurtzman (2005) presented molecular evidence for the distinction of this genus, which will be accepted in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. in the next outline.

4661. Hypocenomyce M. Choisy
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be transferred from Lecideaceae to Ophioparmaceae, supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005).

4662. Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Schoch et al. (2007b) demonstrated the presence of a third lineage of marine fungi in this subclass in addition to Halosphaeriales and Lulworthiales. This clade is informally named TBM clade, since relationships are not resolved with confidence. The genera in this clade will be placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. In the next outline. The clade includes the genera Etheirophora (previously Halosphaeriales), Juncigena (previously in Magnaporthaceae), Swampomyces and Torpedospora (both previously in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.). The placement of Bertia, Chaetosphaerella and Melanospora in the TBM clade is uncertain due to long branches leading to these taxa, although the placement of these groups in the Hypocreomycetidae is supported by other studies (Zhang et al. 2007).

4663. Hysteriales Lindau
The order was is not monophyletic with only three out of the four species sampled forming a clade. Although falling within the Dothideomycetes, the clade containing Hysterium could not be placed within the two subclasses defined (Schoch et al. 2007).

4664. Jahnulales Pang, Abdel-Wahab, El-Sharouney, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai
The placement of this order in Dothideomycetes remains unclear based on nu SSU (Schoch et al. 2007, data not shown, however).

4665. Juncigena Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4666. Kawasakia Y. Yamada & Nogawa
See note 4677.

4667. Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.
This genus clustered in Dothideomycetes in the analysis by Schoch et al. (2007).

4668. Kodamaea Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, Matsuda & Mikata
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4669. Kregervanrija Kurtzman
Kurtzman (2006) proposed this new genus that is placed in Pichiaceae, see also note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4670. Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis based on five different nuclear loci including over 250 taxa. The class is strongly supported as monophyletic with three monophyletic subclasses: Acarosporomycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, and Candelariaceae that cannot be placed in either of the sublclasses.

4671. Lecanoromycetidae
The circumscription of this subclass remains uncertain. In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) the subclass including Umbilicariaceae, Rhizocarpaceae and allied familes lacks support. The phylogenetic placement of these familes requires additional studies.

4672. Lecideaceae Chevall.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. Further, they confirmed previous results of Buschbom & Mueller (2004) Porpidiaceae is synonymous with this family.

4673. Lecidoma Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus needs to be transferred from Psoraceae to Lecideaceae.

4674. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Spatafora et al. (2007) found Leotiomyceta to be a strongly supported monophyletic group in a five-gene analysis of Pezizomycotina with Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes being basal to this clade. Consequently, Leotiomyceta will be resurrected in the next outline.

4675. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Wang et al. (2007) studied the phylogeny of this class using nuclear ribosomal sequences. They found strong support for the class including the orders Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Rhtismatales, a paraphyletic Helotiales, and the families Myxotrichiaceae and Pseudoeurotiaceae that cannot be placed in either of these orders. Geoglossaceae was confirmed as being outside the class (corroborated by Spatafora et al. 2007).

4676. Lignoscripta B.D. Ryan
This new genus is described for a single new lichen species collected on wood in southwestern North America (Ryan 2004). It is said to differ from the similar Xylographa by having whitish pruinose apothecial margins, black discs, bacilliform conidia and further ascomatal characters. The genus is placed in Agyriaceae.

4677. Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt
Kurtzman et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to study the phylogeny of Lipomycetaceae. They confirmed this family to be monophyletic and proposed a revised generic concept: the genera Kawasakia and Zygozyma are reduced to synonymy with Lipomyces and Babjevia with Dipodascopsis.

4678. Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Ramalinaceae.

4679. Lophiostomataceae Sacc.
The family is polyphyletic and falls into two groups in the study by Schoch et al. (2007).

4680. Loxosporaceae Kalb & Staiger
See note 4720 under Sarrameanaceae.

4681. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Tang et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2007) showed that the order does not fit into any of the three subclasses of Sordariomycetes.

4616. Aporothielavia Malloch & Cain
Greif and Currah (2007) studied the ascoma development in this monotypic genus and showed that A. leptoderma belongs in Chaetomidium. Consequently, Aporothielavia is placed into synonymy with that genus.

4617. Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman
Lücking et al. (2007) described this new genus in Trypetheliaceae for an aberrant species in that family. It was previously believed to belong to Thelenellaceae, but del Prado et al. (2006) demonstrated it belongs to Dothideomycetes. It should be noted that the generic concept in this family requires revision.

4618. Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah
Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales.

4619. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this family needs to be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed.

4620. Arxiozyma Van der Walt & Yarrow
Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) showed that the genus is synonymous with Kazachstania.

4621. Ascosphaerales Gäum. ex Skou
Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales.

4622. Babjevia van der Walt & M.Th. Smith
See note 4643.

4623. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family clustered in Ostropomycetidae and it will be placed in this suborder inc. sed. in the next outline.

4624. Boreoplaca Timdal
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed., supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005).

4625. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
See note 4626 under Botryosphaeriales.

4626. Botryosphaeriales Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker
This new order in Dothideomycetes is described by Schoch et al. (2007) to accommodate Botryosphaeriaceae.

4627. Bryoglossum Redhead
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Geoglossaceae to Hyaloscyphaceae.

4628. Caliciaceae Chevall.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported previous results that this family is nested within Physciaceae (Helms et al. 2003, Wedin et al. 2003). Hence in the next outline Caliciaceae will be treated as a synonym of Physciaceae.

4629. Candelariaceae Hakul.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported the independence of Candelariaceae from Lecanoraceae and found this family to cluster as sister to Lecanoromycetidae+Ostropmycetidae. They indicate that the description of an order to accommodate this family will be necessary.

4630. Capnodiales Woron.
This order is placed in Dothideomycetidae by Schoch et al. (2007).

4631. Catillochroma Kalb
The genus is described by Kalb (2007) for a number of crustose, predominantly tropical species that have a layered exciple with a prosoplectenchymatous outer part and an inner part, which is composed of a textura intricata with large intercellular spaces. It is placed in Megalariaceae and will be accepted in the forthcoming outline.

4632. Chlorencoelia J.R. Dixon
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae.

4633. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
Geiser et al. (2007) and Spatafora et al. (2007) showed that this order belong to Eurotiomycetidae.

4634. Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderbitzin
The genus is described in Inderbitzin et al. (2006) for a species previously included in Pleospora, but differing in ascospore- and anamorph-morphology. Molecular analyses show that it belongs to the Alternaria group and not in Pleospora. Hence, the genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline.

4635. Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter
This family will be placed in Pleosporales in the forthcoming outline, following the study by Schoch et al. (2007).

4636. Davidgallowia Aptroot
Aptroot (2007) described this new lichen genus for a single collection from Papua New Guinea. The genus is placed in Parmeliaceae and said to differ from the morphologically similar genera Cavernularia and Hypogymnia by the absence of atranorin in the cortex and bicornute ascospores. It differs from Menegazzia in having a smooth upper surface and also bicornute ascospores. No molecular data were presented. Since bicornute ascospores are not regarded as a generic character in other genera in Parmeliaceae (e.g. Bulbothrix contains species with ellipsoidal and bicornute ascospores; Divakar & Upreti 2004, Elix 1994), the status of this genus requires additional studies. It will be accepted in Parmeliaceae for the time being.

4637. Davidiellaceae Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker
This new family in Capnodiales is described for Davidiella species with their Cladosporium anamorphs (Schoch et al. 2007).

4638. Dekkera van der Walt
See note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4639. Diatrypaceae Nitschke
A phylogenetic study based on morphological characters of the family is presented by Caraman et al. (2006) who propose to resurrect Peroneutypa (see under note 4701).

4640. Dictyographa Müll. Arg.
This genus is reduced to synonymy with Opegrapha by Ertz and Diederich (2007). These authors confirm previous studies (Matzer 1996) showing that the two genera agree in most ascomatal characters, with the sole exception of spore septation. While Opegrapha has transversally septate ascospores, the spores in Dictyographa are muriform. Consequently, the two genera are merged, which will be followed in the next outline.

4641. Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc.
This genus clustered in Pleosporales in the analyses by Schoch et al. (2007).

4642. Diomedella Hertel
Diomedella was reduced to synonymy with Lecanora by Rambold (1989), which will be followed in the forthcoming outline.

4643. Dipodascopsis L.R. Batra & Millner
Kurtzman et al. (2007) emendated the diagnosis of this genus to include Babjevia.

4644. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Schoch et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis using a multigene data set from 96 taxa and discussed the evolution of characters in this class. Numerous changes are necessary as the result of this study, these are listed under the subclass, order, family and generic names.

4645. Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C, David & J.A. Stalpers ex Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker
The new subclass in Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2007) is described for the aparaphysate Dothideomycetes and includes the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Myriangiales.

4646. Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4647. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Geiser et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to infer the phylogeny of this class and provided an overview of the incredible morphological diversity in this clade. They confirmed the monophyly of the class with two subclasses, i.e. Chaetothyriomycetidae and Eurotiomycetidae. The former includes the orders Chaetothyriales, Pyrenulales, and Verrucariales, while Eurotiomycetidae includes Coryneliales, Eurotiales, and Onygenales (including Arachnomyctales and Ascosphaerales). The placement of Mycocaliciales in the class is not strongly supported.

4648. Gallaicolichen Serux. & Lücking
This new genus is introduced for a sterile foliicolous lichen that cannot be placed elsewhere (Serusiaux & Lücking 2007). In the absence of any ascomata or molecular data, the genus will be placed incertae sedis in the next outline.

4649. Gemmaspora D. Hawksw. & Halici
The new genus Gemmaspora is described for a lichenicolous fungus occurring on Aspicilia species. It is referred to Verrucariales based on ascoma and ascus structure (Hawksworth & Halici 2007).

4650. Gilkeya M.E. Sm., Trappe & Rizzo
Gilkeya is described as a monotypic genus for an ectomycorrhizal fungus in Pyrenomataceae (Smith et al. 2006). The new genus is similar to Genea, but differs in having globose ascospores, vinaceous peridium and lack of a basal tuft of hyphae. In the phylogenetic analyses using nu LSU rDNA sequences, the genus is sister to Genea.

4651. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams
This new family is described in Zhang et al. (2007) to accommodate the genus Glomerella. The new family is placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed.

4652. Guignardia Viala & Ravaz
Schoch et al. (2007) showed that the genus belongs to Bortyosphaeriaceae.

4653. Gyalectales Henssen & Jahns ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Gyalectales was shown to be nested within Ostropales by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) who discussed the possible classification of Ostropales (Ostropales s. lat. vs. Graphidales, Gyalectales and Ostropales s.str.). Gyalectales will be included in Ostropales in the next outline. Molecular analyses including Gomphillaceae and Odontotremataceae are urgently needed for a revised classification in this group.

4654. Helicogonium W.L. White
Suh et al. (2007) include this genus in Endomycetaceae. However, no molecular data are currently available and Baral (1999) and Ertz and Diederich (2007) point out similarities to other mycoparasitic Helotiales. Currently, the genus is placed under Ascomycota inc. sed. and will remain there until molecular data become available that will allow us to understand the relationships of that genus.

4655. Helotiales Nannf.
Wang et al. (2007) found this order to be paraphyletic with Cyttariales, Erysiphales, and Rhytismatales nested within.

4656. Heyderia (Fr.) Link
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae.

4657. Himantormia I.M. Lamb
The placement of this Antarctic endemic in Parmeliaceae is supported by Thell et al. (2007), but the closest relative within the family remains unknown. The genus is expanded to include Nimisia that occurs in Tierra del Fuego (see note 4694).

4658. Holwaya Sacc.
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Bulgariaceae.

4659. Hymeneliaceae Körb.
In the analysis by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family was sister to Agyriales. It will be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline.

4660. Hyphopichia von Arx & van der Walt
Kurtzman (2005) presented molecular evidence for the distinction of this genus, which will be accepted in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. in the next outline.

4661. Hypocenomyce M. Choisy
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be transferred from Lecideaceae to Ophioparmaceae, supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005).

4662. Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Schoch et al. (2007b) demonstrated the presence of a third lineage of marine fungi in this subclass in addition to Halosphaeriales and Lulworthiales. This clade is informally named TBM clade, since relationships are not resolved with confidence. The genera in this clade will be placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. In the next outline. The clade includes the genera Etheirophora (previously Halosphaeriales), Juncigena (previously in Magnaporthaceae), Swampomyces and Torpedospora (both previously in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.). The placement of Bertia, Chaetosphaerella and Melanospora in the TBM clade is uncertain due to long branches leading to these taxa, although the placement of these groups in the Hypocreomycetidae is supported by other studies (Zhang et al. 2007).

4663. Hysteriales Lindau
The order was is not monophyletic with only three out of the four species sampled forming a clade. Although falling within the Dothideomycetes, the clade containing Hysterium could not be placed within the two subclasses defined (Schoch et al. 2007).

4664. Jahnulales Pang, Abdel-Wahab, El-Sharouney, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai
The placement of this order in Dothideomycetes remains unclear based on nu SSU (Schoch et al. 2007, data not shown, however).

4665. Juncigena Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4666. Kawasakia Y. Yamada & Nogawa
See note 4677.

4667. Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.
This genus clustered in Dothideomycetes in the analysis by Schoch et al. (2007).

4668. Kodamaea Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, Matsuda & Mikata
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4669. Kregervanrija Kurtzman
Kurtzman (2006) proposed this new genus that is placed in Pichiaceae, see also note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4670. Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis based on five different nuclear loci including over 250 taxa. The class is strongly supported as monophyletic with three monophyletic subclasses: Acarosporomycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, and Candelariaceae that cannot be placed in either of the sublclasses.

4671. Lecanoromycetidae
The circumscription of this subclass remains uncertain. In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) the subclass including Umbilicariaceae, Rhizocarpaceae and allied familes lacks support. The phylogenetic placement of these familes requires additional studies.

4672. Lecideaceae Chevall.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. Further, they confirmed previous results of Buschbom & Mueller (2004) Porpidiaceae is synonymous with this family.

4673. Lecidoma Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus needs to be transferred from Psoraceae to Lecideaceae.

4674. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Spatafora et al. (2007) found Leotiomyceta to be a strongly supported monophyletic group in a five-gene analysis of Pezizomycotina with Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes being basal to this clade. Consequently, Leotiomyceta will be resurrected in the next outline.

4675. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Wang et al. (2007) studied the phylogeny of this class using nuclear ribosomal sequences. They found strong support for the class including the orders Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Rhtismatales, a paraphyletic Helotiales, and the families Myxotrichiaceae and Pseudoeurotiaceae that cannot be placed in either of these orders. Geoglossaceae was confirmed as being outside the class (corroborated by Spatafora et al. 2007).

4676. Lignoscripta B.D. Ryan
This new genus is described for a single new lichen species collected on wood in southwestern North America (Ryan 2004). It is said to differ from the similar Xylographa by having whitish pruinose apothecial margins, black discs, bacilliform conidia and further ascomatal characters. The genus is placed in Agyriaceae.

4677. Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt
Kurtzman et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to study the phylogeny of Lipomycetaceae. They confirmed this family to be monophyletic and proposed a revised generic concept: the genera Kawasakia and Zygozyma are reduced to synonymy with Lipomyces and Babjevia with Dipodascopsis.

4678. Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Ramalinaceae.

4679. Lophiostomataceae Sacc.
The family is polyphyletic and falls into two groups in the study by Schoch et al. (2007).

4680. Loxosporaceae Kalb & Staiger
See note 4720 under Sarrameanaceae.

4681. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Tang et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2007) showed that the order does not fit into any of the three subclasses of Sordariomycetes.

4682. Massalongiaceae Wedin, P.M. Jørg. & E. Wiklund
This new family is introduced for a monophyletic clade including the genera Leptochidium, Massalongia and Polychidium (Wedin et al. 2007). These genera were previously placed inc. sed. in Peltigerinaeae (Massalongia) or Placynthiaceae (Leptochidium, Polychidium). The new family is morphologically characterized by a similar type of ascoma development and ascus-type.

4683. Melanosporales nom. nud.
This order is suggested in Zhang et al. (2007) but not validly described.

4684. Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.
This order was paraphyletic in the studies by Tang et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2007) with Halosphaeriales nested within.

4685. Microglossum Gillet
This genus was previously placed in Geoglossaceae, but according to Spatafora et al. (2007) it should be classified in Leotiaceae. This is also corroborated in the study by Wang et al. (2007).

4686. Mollicamarops Lar. N. Vassilijeva
Vassilijeva (2007) described this new genus from the Russian Far East. Mollicamarops is characterized by effused, colored, soft and thin stromata with black stellate ostioles. The stipitate asci and ellipsoid brown ascospores are similar to those found in some species of Camarops and typical for members of the Boliniaceae, where it will be included. No molecular data were included but these could help to determine if it is distinct from Camarops.

4687. Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau
The family belongs to Capnodiales (Schoch et al. 2007).

4688. Myriangiales Starbäck
This order is placed in Dothideomycetidae by Schoch et al. (2007).

4689. Myriogonium W.L. White
Suh et al. (2007) accepted this genus in Endomycetaceae. However, no molecular data are currently available and Baral (1999) placed the genus into synonymy with Helicogonium. Until more data are available, the genus will be regarded as a synonym of Helicogonium.

4690. Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.
The family is shown to belong to Pleosporales (Schoch et al. 2007).

4691. Myxotrichaceae Currah
Wang et al. (2007) found this family to be polyphyletic.

4692. Nakazawaea Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4693. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See note 4733!

4694. Nimisia Kärnefelt & A. Thell
This monotypic genus is shown to belong to Himantormia using molecular and morphological data (Thell et al. 2007) and hence will be placed in synonymy with the latter genus is the forthcoming outline.

4695. Ogataea Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata
This genus was recently acceptd by Morais et al. (2004) and Peter et al. (2007).

4696. Ophioparmaceae R.W. Rogers & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed.

4697. Otidea (Pers.) Bon.
The phylogeny of this genus is examined by Liu and Zhuang (2006) using nu LSU rDNA sequences. The genus is shown to be monophyletic including Flavoscypha and Otideopsis.

4698. Otideopsis B. Liu & J.Z. Cao
Liu and Zhuang (2006) reduced this genus into synonymy with Otidea (see note 4697).

4699. Oxneria S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt
See note 4735.

4700. Pachyphysis R.C. Harris & Ladd
This genus is described for a crustose lichen found on calcareous rocks in eastern North America (Harris & Ladd 2007). It is related to Farnoldia and Melanolecia (Buschbom & Mueller 2004), but differs from these genera in paraphyses and apothecial pigmentation. The genus is tentatively placed in Porpidiaceae. This family cannot be distinguished from Lecideaceae. Additional studies on the generic concept in the group are urgently needed.

4701. Peroneutypa Berl.
Carmaran et al. (2007) resurrected this genus for a monophyletic clade of species characterized by a special type of ascus (“type 2 asci”) in Diatrypaceae. It will be accepted in the next outline.

4702. Pezizales C. Bessey
Hansen and Pfister (2007) presented a treatment of this order of operculate discomycetes that included a two-gene analysis of nuclear ribosomal sequences. Basically their results agree with those previously presented (Landvik et al. 1997). The order is supported as monophyletic with three major clades, each including several families. Pyrenomataceae is not monophyletic with Ascodesmiaceae and Glaziellaceae nested within. However, additional data are necessary before nomenclatural consequences can be drawn.

4703. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
In a five-gene analysis including nine classes Spatafora et al. (2007) studied the phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. The subphylum is strongly supported as monophyletic with Orbiliomycetes being basal (basal position lacks support) and Pezizomycetes being sister to Leotiomyceta. Within Leotiomycetes the currently accepted classes are supported as monophyletic with the exception of Leotiomycetes. Geoglossaceae cluster with a single Lichinomycete taxon included in the study. The tree topology resembles that found in a study including clades from all fungi by James et al. (2006).

4704. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4705. Phlyctidaceae Poelt & Vezda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this family should be placed in Ostropales, which agrees with previous molecular studies (e.g., Wedin et al. 2005).

4706. Phoebus R.C. Harris & Ladd
This new genus in Roccellaceae is described for a crustose lichen found on calcareous rocks in eastern North America (Harris & Ladd 2007) and will be accepted in this family in the next outline.

4707. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family (including Caliciaceae) should be transferred from Lecanorales to Teloschistales.

4708. Piceomphale Svrcek
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiales inc. sed. to Rutstroemiaceae.

4709. Pichia Hansen
See note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4710. Pichiaceae Zender
Suh et al. (2007) accepted this family as separate from Saccharomycetaceae. This will be followed in the next outline. The following genera will be placed in Pichiaceae: Dekkera, Kregervanrija, Pichia, and Saturnispora.

4711. Piedraiaceae Viégas ex Cif., Bat. & Campos
Piedraiaceae will be placed in Capnodiales in the next outline, as a result of the phylogenetic analyses by Schoch et al. (2007).

4712. Placynthiaceae Å.E. Dahl
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Peltigerineae to Collematineae.

4713. Pleosporomycetidae Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker
This new subclass is described to accommodate pseudoparaphysate taxa mainly represented by the Pleosporales in Schoch et al. (2007).

4714. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See note 4733!

4715. Porpidiaceae Hertel & Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. Further, they confirmed previous results of Buschbom & Mueller (2004) that this family cannot be distinguished from Lecideaceae. Consequently, it will be placed into synonymy with Lecideaceae in the next outline.

4716. Rhizocarpaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed.

4717. Rusavskia S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt
See note 4735.

4718. Saccharomycetes Kudrjanzev
Suh et al. (2007) provided an overview of the classification of the class and presented a new phylogenetic analysis. Numerous changes are proposed, these are listed under the family and generic names, when based on recent publications. Further they suggested accepting the following previously described genera that were not accepted in Myconet: Kodamaea, Nakazawaea, Phaffomyces, Starmera, Starmerella, and Yamadazyma. These genera will be accepted in the next outline in Saccharomycetales inc. sed.

4719. Sarcoleotia Ito & S. Imai
Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Rutstroemiaceae.

4720. Sarrameanaceae Hafellner
The relationships of Loxospora and Sarrameana were discussed by Kantvilas (2000) who noted that they are very closely related. Hence Loxosporaceae was placed into synonymy with Sarrameanaceae (Kantvilas 2000, 2004). This will be accepted in the forthcoming outline. The family will be placed in Ostropmycetidae inc. sed. following the results of the study by Miadlikowska et al. (2007).

4721. Saturnispora Liu & Kurtzman
See note 4710 under Pichiaceae.

4722. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See note 4733!

4723. Scoliciosporum A. Massal.
In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this genus, as in numerous previous studies did not cluster with other Lecanoraceae. Hence the family Scoliciosporaceae will be resurrected in the next outline and accepted in Lecanorales.

4724. Sivanesaniella Gawande & Agarwal
This new genus in Venturiaceae is described by Gawande and Agarwal (2004) for a phytopathogenic fungus collected in India. The genus is similar to Apiosporina and Venturia, but differs in having hyaline, naviculate ascospores.

4725. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Zhang et al. (2007) discussed the evolution of this class of fungi and presented a new phylogenetic analysis based on four different nuclear loci. The class is strongly supported as monophyletic with three monophyletic subclasses: Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae, Xylariomycetidae, and Lulworthiales that cannot be placed in either of the sublclasses. In a parallel study employing a somewhat different taxon and gene sampling, Tang et al. (2007) came to very similar results.

4726. Squamarina Poelt
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be transferred from Ramalinaceae to Stereocaulaceae.

4727. Starmera Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4728. Starmerella Rosa & Lachance
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4729. Stephanoascus M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Johannsen
The genus was shown to be polyphyletic by Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) with the type species clustering in Trichomonascus. Consequently, Stephanoascus is placed into synonymy with that genus.

4730. Strangospora Körb.
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Lecanorales inc. sed.

4731. Sugiyamaella Kurtzman & Robnett
The genus was described by Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) for a monophyletic clade of yeasts that are sister to the genus Wickerhamiella. It will be accepted in the next outline in Trichomonascaceae.

4732. Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4733. Taphrinomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Sugiyama et al. (2007) discussed the relationships of this subphylum and presented a new phylogenetic analysis using nuclear rDNA, beta-tubulin and RPB2 sequence data including eleven ingroup taxa. Taphrinomycetes is sister to a clade including Neolectomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes and Schizosaccharomycetes. However, this relationship lacks support. In a five-gene analysis of Spatafora et al. (2007) Taphrinomycetes is sister to a clade including Pneumocystidomycetes and Schizosaccharomycetes, which is sister to Neolectomycetes. In a six-gene study by James et al. (2006), the subphylum is strongly supported as monophyletic. Consequently, Taphrinomycotina will be again accepted in the outline, including four classes.

4734. Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
The class is monophyletic with a strongly supported Taphrinales (including Taphrina and Protomyces), while the basal position of Saitoella lacks support. Consequently, the latter genus will remain as Taphrinomycetes inc. sed. in the next outline (see also note 4733).

4735. Teloschistaceae Zahlbr.
Kondratyuk and Kärnefelt (2003) described three new genera: Oxneria, Rusavskia, and Xanthoanaptychia in this family. The differentiating characters of these newly described genera include mainly thallus characters. For the time being we suggest not to accept these new genera since phylogenetic relationships within the family need further resolution before new genera can be circumscribed.
Further, there are nomenclatural problems with the generic name Oxneria as discussed by Lindblom (2006) and the distinction from Xanthomendoza is unclear. The circumscription of Rusavskia is uncertain and Xanthoanaptychia is a superfluous name for Seirophora (Søchting, pers. comm.).

4736. Tephromela M. Choisy
Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Ramalinaceae to Mycoblastaceae.

4737. Testudinaceae Arx
In the study by Schoch et al. (2007) the family was shown to belong to Pleosporales.

4738. Torpedospora Meyers
See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae.

4739. Trichomonascus H.S. Jackson
See note 4740 under Trichomonascaceae.

4740. Trichomonascaceae Kurtzman & Robnett
This new family is described (Kurtzman & Robnett 2007) to accommodate the genera Sugiyamaella, Trichomonascus, Wickerhamiella, and Zygoascus.

4741. Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr
In the study by Schoch et al. (2007) the family had an uncertain position in Dothideomycetes.

4742. Tuckermannopsis Gyeln.
Teuvo Ahti (Helsinki, in litt.): Since Linnaeus the scientific names commemorating persons with the surname ending –man are frequently latinized with –nn-, e.g., Tuckermannia, Tuckermannopsis, Sparrmannia, Burmannia. The are not to be treated as spelling errors correctable under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Art. 60.7. Ex. 15. Thus the name of the lichen genus Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. is to be retained and should not be changed to Tuckermanopsis, as suggested by some recent authors. However, the latter spelling would be acceptable if it were proposed by the author Gyelnik. Similarly, Triophthalmidium sect. Tuckermania is correct. The spelling of the name of the lichen genus Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. (Gyelnik 1933: 6) was corrected by Santesson et al. (2004: 337) to read “Tuckermanopsis”, and many authors have followed their action. An obvious reason for the change was that the name was supposedly (not stated in the protologue!) intended to honour the well-known American lichenologist and botanist Edward Tuckerman (1817-1886), who always spelled his named Tuckerman, not Tuckermann.
However, I think that the spelling Tuckermannopsis must be retained, because the change is not allowed by the Art. 60.7 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2006: 60). The use of -nn- is to be regarded as an intentional latinization, because many authors, including Linnaeus, have used double n in a similar way when coining new generic or other epithets from other persons’ names. A search from the ING (Index Nominum Genericorum; Farr et al. 1979) brought many such cases, e.g., Burmannia(ceae) (from Burman), Sparrmannia (from Sparrman), and Chapmannia (from Chapman). They also include two vascular plant genera, Tuckermannia and Tuckermania, which are both acceptable spellings, but are to be treated as homonyms, however (correctly treated in ING). It is probably due to the easier pronunciation (in some languages) that the extra n was added by some authors into the latinized forms. As to other lichen names, Gyelnik (1933: 6) also published Tuckermannopsis sect. Eutuckermannopsis Gyeln. (nom. inval. and illeg.) and sect. Pseudotuckermannopsis Gyeln., and further (Gyelnik 1933: 8) Triophthalmidium sect. Tuckermannia Gyeln. In these cases the spellings with double n’s are to be maintained as well.

4743. Vittatispora P. Chaudhary, J. Campb., D. Hawksw. & K.N. Sastry
Morphological and molecular data are presented by Chaudhary et al. (2007) to show that a fungus isolated from soil in India represents a new genus in Ceratostomataceae. Its morphology is somewhat intermediate between Melanospora and Sphaerodes. In the molecular phylogeny Vittatispora is basal to these two genera.

4744. Wickerhamiella Soneda
See note 4740 under Trichomonascaceae.

4745. Xanthoanaptychia S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt
See note 4735.

4746. Xyleborus R.C. Harris & Ladd
This is another crustose genus in the family Stereocaulaceae (Harris & Ladd 2007). It occurs on weathered lignum in eastern North America. It is similar to Hertelidea, but differs in exciple structure.

4747. Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes
Rogers et al. (2006) described this new genus in Xylariaceae for a single species occurring on wood in Hawaii. It differs from the similar Amphirosellinia in having a non-amyloid ring in the ascus apex, a variable number of ascospores per ascus and sporodichial conidiomata.

4748. Yamadazyma Billon-Grand
See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes.

4749. Zygoascus M. Th. Smith
See note 4740 under Trichomonascaceae.

4750. Zygozyma Van der Walt & Arx
See note 4677.

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• McNeill, J., Barrie, F. R., Burdet. H. M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D. L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D. H., Prado, J., Silva, P. C., Skog, J. E., Wiersema, J. H., & Turland, N. J. (eds.) 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.
  
• Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Hofstetter, V., Fraker, E., Grube, M., Hafellner, J., Reeb, V., Hodkinson, B. P., Kukwa, M., Lücking, R., Hestmark, G., Garcia Otalora, M., Rauhut, A., Büdel, B., Scheidegger, C., Timdal, E., Stenroos, S., Brodo, I., Perlmutter, G., Ertz, D., Diederich, P., Lendemer, J. C., May, P., Schoch, C. L., Arnold, A. E., Gueidan, C., Tripp, E., Yahr, R., Robertson, C. & Lutzoni, F. 2006. New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. - Mycologia 98:1088-1103.
  
• Morais, P.B., Teixeira, L.C.R.S., Bowles, J.M., Lachance, M.A. & Rosa, C.A. 2004. Ogataea falcaomoraissii sp. nov., a sporogenous methylotrophic yeast from tree exudates. – FEMS Yeast Res. 5: 81-85.
  Peter, G., Tornal-Lehoczki, J., Shin, K.S. & Dlauchy, D. 2007. Ogataea thermophila sp. nov., the teleomorph of Candida thermophila. – FEMS Yeast Res. 7: 494-496.
  
• Rambold, G. 1989. A Monograph of the Saxicolous Lecideoid Lichens of Australia (Excl. Tasmania). – Bibl. Lichenol. 34: 1-345.
  
• Rogers, J.D., Ju, Y.M. & Hemmes, D.E. 2006. Hypoxylon subdisciforme sp. nov., Nemania abortiva sp. nov., and Xylotumulus gibbisporus gen. et sp. nov. from Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. – Sydowia 58: 290-299.
  
• Ryan, B.D. 2004. Lignoscripta. In: Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Diederich, P., Gries, C. & Bungartz, F. (eds.): Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. II. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 350-351.
  
• Santesson, R., Moberg, R., Nordin, A., Tønsberg, T. & Vitikainen, O. 2004. Lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi of Fennoscandia. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala, University, Uppsala.
  
• Schoch, C.L., Shoemaker, R.A., Seifert, K.A., Hambleton, S., Spatafora, J.W. & Crous, P.W. 2007 (“2006”). A multigene phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes using four nuclear loci. – Mycologia 98: 1041-1052.
  
• Schoch, C.L., Sung, G.H., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Kohlmeyer, J. & Spatafora, J.W. 2007b. Marine fungal lineages in the Hypocreomycetidae. – Mycol. Research 111: 154-162.
  
• Serusiaux, E. & Lücking, R. 2007. Gallaicolichen, a new genus of foliicolous lichen with unique diaspores. – Bibl. Lichenol. 95: 509-516.
  
• Smith, M.E., Trappe, J.M. & Rizzo, D.M. 2006. Genea, Genabea and Gilkeya gen. nov.: ascomata and ectomycorrhiza formation in a Quercus woodland. – Mycologia 98: 699-716.
  
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2006-12-20

4568. Aciculopsora Aptroot & Trest
This new genus is described for a single new lichenized species collected twice in lowland dry forests of NW Costa Rica (Aptroot et al. 2006). It is placed in Ramalinaceae based on ascus-type. Similar genera include Bacidiopsora Kalb and Squamacidia Brako. The latter is said to differ by thallus morphology and unexplained details of apothecia, while the former differs in morphology, apothecial pigmentation, ascospore morphology and thallus chemistry. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Ramalinaceae, but additional studies – including molecular data – appear necessary to elucidate the placement of the genus.

4569. Almbornia Essl.
See note under Xanthoparmelia (4615).

4570. Arthroascus Arx
Naumov et al. (2006) described two new taxa in this yeast genus using molecular data to support their decision. The genus was previously included in Saccharomycopsis in the outline, but previously Naumov et al. (2003) provided evidence from a phylogenetic analysis inferred from nu LSU rDNA sequences that Arthroascus is a distinct lineage. Hence the genus will be accepted within Saccharomycopsidaceae in the next outline.

4571. Aspicilia A. Massal.
See note under Megasporaceae (4591).

4572. Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde
This new genus is described for a single species collected on submerged rotting wood that is most similar to Pseudoproboscispora Punith., but differs in having asci lacking an apical ring and non-septate, biseriate ascospores (Fryar & Hyde 2004). It will be acccepted in the next outline in Annulatascaceae.

4573. Cepsiclava J. Walker
Walker (2004) described this new genus in Clavicipitaceae for an endophyte occurring in southeastern Australia. It is unique in the family in invading stamens before ovaries.

4574. Cetradonia J.-C. Wei & Ahti
Zhou et al. (2006) demonstrated that this monotypic genus belongs to Cladoniaceae where it was sister to Gymnoderma, the genus in which the single species was formerly placed. The status of this genus needs to be re-assesed with special emphasis on the distinction to Gymnoderma.

4575. Cetradoniaceae J.-C. Wei & Ahti
The family was shown to be nested within Cladoniaceae in a phylogenetic study by Zhou et al. (2006). Consequently, it will be reduced to synonymy with the latter family in the next outline.

4576. Cladoniaceae Zenker
See note under Cetradoniaceae (4575).

4577. Coccotremataceae Henssen ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
In a phylogenetic study employing nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence data, Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that Coccotremataceae are closely related to Pertusariaceae s.str. Although this relationship is not strongly supported, Pertusariales is strongly supported and hence the family will be placed in Pertusariales in the next issue of the outline.

4578. Cuspidatispora A. Mill., Shearer, Bartolata & Huhndorf
Miller et al. (2006) described a new genus and species in Sordariales based on data from beta tubulin and LSU genes. It has apiosporous ascospores with a pronounced apical wall extension and villose ascomata with a central melanized wall layer and an areolate outer wall layer. While apiosporous ascospores are routinely found within the order, the apical wall extension is a unique character in the group. The family designation of Cuspidatispora is unresolved and thus it is placed in Sordariales inc. sed.

4579. Cyttariales Luttr. ex Gamundi
See note under Leotiomycetes (4586).

4580. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan
See note under Leotiomycetes (4586).

4581. Funiliomyces Aptroot
This new genus was described by Aptroot (2004). In a phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences, the new genus was sister to a clade including Arecophila K.D. Hyde and a Rosellinia spp. The genus will be accepted in Amphisphaeriaceae in the next outline.

4582. Geoglossaceae Corda
Geoglossaceae together with Sarcoleotia formed a strongly supported clade outside Leotiomycetes in an analysis by Wang et al. (2006). The authors proposed ad interim a separate class Geoglossomycetes to accommodate these fungi. This clade of helotialean terrestrial fungi is characterized by paraphyses with dark pigments and dark ascospores. The family will be removed from Leotiomycetes and placed incertae sedis in the next outline. It remains to be seen in a study including a wider taxon sampling of other classes whether the group needs recognition as a separate class.

4583. Geopyxis (Pers.) Sacc.
Zhuang & Liu (2006) emended the generic concept of Geopyxis to accommodate species with ornamented and guttulate ascospores and presented morphological and nuSSU rDNA sequence data to support their emendation.

4584. Graphidaceae Dumort.
A combined data set of mt SSU and nu LSU rDNA data was used by Staiger et al. (2006) to evaluate the revised generic concept in the family proposed by Staiger (2002). They confirm that the family is paraphyletic and suggest including Thelotremataceae as a synonym. Given the restricted number of taxa studied so far and the poor backbone support of the phylogenetic tree presented, we prefer to postpone formal changes in the classification of the two families until a study including a wider taxon sampling has been made. Some revised generic circumscriptions, such as that of Glyphis, Phaeographis and Platygramme are supported, while other genera, such as Graphis and Hemithecium are shown to be non-monophyletic.

4585. Helotiales Nannf.
In a phylogenetic analysis employing nu rDNA sequence data, Wang et al. (2006) found nine distinct clades within the order, which may form the basis for a future family classification within this order. The morphology of the clades is discussed and some of the clades correspond to currently recognized families, but in most the data suggest that the circumscriptions of these needs revision.

4586. Leotiomycetes Eriksson & Winka
The monophyly of a core group of helotialean fungi, including Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Helotiales, Rhytismatales, and Myxotrichaceae is supported in a phylogenetic study by Wang et al. (2006). However, the sole member of Lichinomycetes (Peltula umbilicata) included in the study was nested within Leotiomycetes, which was interpreted as long-branch attraction. Geoglossaceae fell outside Leotiomycetes, see note under Geoglossaceae 4582).

4587. Leptosphaerulina D. McAlpine
See note under Pleosporaceae (4598).

4588. Lobothallia (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner
See note under Megasporaceae (4591).

4589. Lueckingia Aptroot & Umana
Lueckingia is described for a single new lichenized species from a single locality in a lowland forest in Costa Rica (Aptroot et al. 2006). It is placed in Ramalinaceae based on ascus-type. It differs from Physcidia Tuck. in having polysporous asci and other characters and Piccolia A. Massal. by thallus morphology, ascus-type and secondary chemistry. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Ramalinaceae, but additional studies – including molecular data – appear necessary for a proper placement of the genus.

4590. Macroventuria Aa
See note under Pleosporaceae (4598).

4591. Megasporaceae Lumbsch, Feige & K. Schmitz
Schmitt et al. (2006), using a combined nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA data set, confirmed placement of the family in Pertusariales and showed that the genera Aspicilia and Lobothallia, currently placed in Hymeneliaceae, also belong to this family. In the next outline these two genera will be included in Megasporaceae.

4592. Muhria P.M. Jørg.
In a phylogenetic study employing ITS and beta-tubulin sequences of 49 ingroup taxa, Högnabba (2006) supported the nesting of Muhria in Stereocaulon Hoffm. and formerly synonymized Muhria with Sterecaulon, which will be followed in the next outline.

4593. Myxotrichaceae Currah
See note under Leotiomycetes (4586).

4594. Namakwa Hale
See note under Xanthoparmelia (4615).

4595. Ochrolechiaceae R.C. Harris ex Lumbsch & I. Schmitt
In a combined nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence analysis Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that Ochrolechia and the “Variolaria” and “Varicellaria” groups of Pertusaria do not belong to Pertusariaceae and hence the previously proposed family Ochrolechiaceae is resurrected and validly described. In the next outline Ochrolechiaceae will be accepted as a family within Pertusariales.

4596. Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
This genus was described for Halosphaeria cucullata, which was shown by Pang et al. (2004) not to be congeneric with the type species of Halosphaeria. It will be accepted in Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline.

4597. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.
Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that the family in the current circumscription is heterogeneous and restricted the family to Loxosporopsis Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug and Pertusaria DC. s. str., which will be followed in the next outline.

4598. Pleosporaceae Nitschke
Kodsueb et al. (2006) examined the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleosporaceae using nu LSU sequence data. They identified five clades containing fungi that are currently classified in the family (A1, A2, B, D, G). The relationships among these clades have no support and two of the clades containing Pleospora, Pyrenophora, Cochliobolus and Setosphaeria have little support except at the terminal branches. The clade containing Leptosphaerulina and Macroventuria has strong bootstrap and Bayesian support as does the Wettsteinina clade that also includes Pleomassaria siparia. Another clade with strong support is Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus with Massarina ramunculicola. The polyphyletic nature of Kirschsteiniothelia and its removal from the Pleosporaceae based on the type species, K. aethiops, has already been discussed elsewhere (see Note 4397). Wettsteinina is separate from the clades containing Pleospora species and should probably be removed from the Pleosporaceae. It will be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. until more sequence data are available. The family placement for Leptosphaerulina and Macroventuria is also unclear. They appear separate from the other Pleosporaceae but the backbone support of the phylogenetic tree is poor. They will be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. until more sequence data are available.

4599. Porinella R. Sant.
This new name was described in Vezda (2004b) for Porinula Vezda, which is a younger homonym of Porinula (Nyl. ex Hue) Flagey. However, Porinula Vezda was included in Caprettia Bat. & H. Maia by Serusiaux and Lücking (2003), which is followed here. In the next outline Porinella and Porinula Vezda will be treated as synonyms of Caprettia, which is placed in Monoblastiaceae following Serusiaux and Lücking (2003).

4600. Porinula Vezda
See note under Porinella (4599).

4601. Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones
This genus is described for a new species isolated from plant substratum in Thai mangroves. It is characterized by having clavate asci with truncate, thickened apices, a pore and plasmalemma retraction and cylindrical ascospores without appendages. The genus is morphologically similar to Lignincola but differs in the size of ascomata, asci and ascospores, and septation of the latter. In a phylogenetic analysis of partial nu SSU rDNA sequences, the two genera were not closely related. Pseudolignincola will be accepted in Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline.

4602. Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter
See note under Leotiomycetes (4586).

4603. Saccharata Denman & Crous
This genus in Botryosphaeriaceae was described for an ascomycete occurring on Proteaceae (Crous et al. 2004). The genus differs from Botryosphaeria s.str. by having unilocular ascomata that develop under a clypeus. It formed an isolated clade in a phylogenetic analysis of the family (Crous et al. 2006).

4604. Santessonia Hale & Vobis
The circumscription of this genus is modified by Follmann (2006) to include Pacific-Andean species previously classified in Roccella DC. (Arthoniaceae). The morphological similarities of these unrelated genera is interpreted as adaptation to similar ecological niches that are occupied by these lichens.

4605. Sarcoleotia Ito & S. Imai
In a molecular phylogeny by Wang et al. (2006) this genus clustered with Geoglossaceae with strong support and hence the genus will be transferred from Helotiaceae to Geoglossaceae in the next outline.

4606. Septotrapelia Aptroot & Chaves
Septotrapelia is described for two species (Aptroot et al. 2006) and is placed in Pilocarpaceae based on the ascus-type. Within the family the genus is unique by having a squamulose thallus and 3-septate ascospores. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Pilocarpaceae, additional studies are necessary to show which genus is the closest relative.

4607. Servitia M.S. Christ. & Alstrup
This genus was described for a peltate Arctic lichen that is morphologically similar to Placopyrenium Breuss (Alstrup & Hansen 2001). It is placed in Verrucariaceae.

4608. Spathaspora Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
This new genus was described by Nguyen et al. (2006) for a yeast isolated from a wood-boring beetle.

4609. Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde
Fryar and Hyde (2004) described this monotypic genus for an ascomycete from submerged wood. Morphological characters are inconclusive and until molecular data become available this genus will be treated in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.

4610. Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones
This new monotypic genus includes a fungus that occurs on plant substratum in Thai mangroves. It has deliquescing asci and elongate-cylindrical ascospores with an appendage. The genus will be accepted in Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline.

4611. Tribulatia J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
This new monotypic genus was described for a tropical ascomycete growing on ferns (Taylor & Hyde 2003). It will be accepted in Phyllachoraceae in the next outline.

4612. Uluguria Vezda
This new monotypic genus was introduced by Vezda (2004) for a foliicolous lichen formerly placed in Bacidia. However, according to Lücking (in press) the species belongs to Szczawinskia A. Funk and consequently, the genus is regarded as a synonym of Szczawinskia A. Funk in the next outline.

4613. Wettsteinina Höhn.
See note under Pleosporaceae (4598).

4614. Xanthomaculina Hale
See note under Xanthoparmelia (4615).

4615. Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale
Thell et al. (2006) used ITS sequences to study the phylogeny of Xanthoparmelia and related genera. The segregate genera Almbornia Essl., Namakwa Hale, and Xanthomaculina Hale nested within Xanthoparmelia. Hence these three genera were reduced to synonymy with Xanthoparmelia, which will be followed in the next outline.

• Alstrup, V. & Hansen, E.S. 2001. New lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Greenland. – Graphis Scripta 12: 41-50.
  
• Aptroot, A. 2004. Two new ascomycetes with long gelatinous appendages collected from monocots in the tropics. – Stud. Mycol. 50: 307-311.
  
• Aptroot, A., Umana, L., Chaves, J.L. & Trest, M.T. 2006. A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: three new squamulose genera (Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae and Pilocarpaceae). – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 617-623.
  
• Crous, P., Denman, S., Taylor, J.E., Swart, L. & Palm, M.E. 2004. Cultivation and diseases of Proteaceae: Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea. CBS Biodiversity Series 2. Baarn.
  
• Crous, P., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Rheeder, J., Marasas, W.F.O., Philips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Burgess, T., Barber, P. & Groenewald, J.Z. 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. – Stud. Mycol. 55: 235-253.
  
• Follmann, G. 2006. Two new roccelloid Physciaceae from pacific South America and a synopsis of the genus Santessonia. – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 651-670.
  
• Fryar, S.C. & Hyde, K.D. 2004. New species and genera of ascomycetes from fresh and brackish water in Brunei: Ayria appendiculata and Sungaiicola bactrodesmiella gen. et spp. nov., Fluviatispora boothii, Torrentispora crassiparietis and T. fusiformis spp. nov. – Crypt. Mycol. 25: 245-260.
  
• Gareth Jones, E.B., Chatmala, I. & Pang, K.-L. 2006. Two new genera isolated from marine habitats in Thailand: Pseudolignincola and Thalespora (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). – Nova Hedwigia 83: 219-232.
  
• Högnabba, F. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized ascomycetes). – Mycol. Res. 110: 1080-1092.
  
• Kodsueb, R., Dhanasekaran, V., Aptroot, A., Lumyong, S., McKenzie, E.H.C., Hyde, K.D. & Jeewon, R. 2006. The family Pleosporaceae: intergeneric relationships and phylogenetic perspectives based on sequence analyses of partial 28S rDNA. – Mycologia 98: 571-583.
  
• Miller, A.N., Shearer, C.A., Bartolata, M. & Huhndorf, S.M. 2006. Cuspidatispora xiphiago gen. et spec. nov. from an eastern North American creek. – Mycoscience 47: 218-223.
  
• Naumov, G.I., Naumova, E.S., Smith, M.T. & de Hoog, G.S. 2003. Ribosomal DNA sequencing and reinstatement of the genus Arthroascus von Arx. – J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49: 267-270.
  
• Naumov, G.I., Naumova, E.S., Smith, M.T. & de Hoog, G.S. 2006. Molecular-genetic diversity of the ascomycetous yeast genus Arthroascus: Arthroascus babjevae sp. nov., Arthroascus fermentans var. arxii var. nov. and geographical populations of Arthroascus schoenii. – Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: 1997-2007.
  
• Nguyen, N.H., Suh, S.-O., Marshall, C.J. & Blackwell, M. 2006. Morphological and ecological similarities: wood-boring beetles associated with novel xylose-fermenting yeasts, Spathaspora passalidarum gen. nov. and Candida jeffriesii sp. nov. – Mycol. Res. 110: 1232-1241.
  
• Pang, K.-L., Gareth Jones, E.B., Vrijmoed, L.P. & Vikineswary, S. 2004. Okeanomyces, a new genus to accommodate Halosphaeria cucullata (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146: 223-229.
  
• Schmitt, I., Yamamoto, Y. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2006. Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae. – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 753-764.
  
• Serusiaux, E. & Lücking, R. 2003. The lichen genus Caprettia Bat. & H. Maia (Monoblastiaceae). – Bibl. Lichenol. 86: 161-176.
  
• Staiger, B. 2002. Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae. Studien in Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung. – Bibl. Lichenol. 95: 1-526.
  
• Staiger, B., Kalb, K. & Grube, M. 2006. Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota). – Mycol. Res. 110: 765-772.
  
• Taylor, J.E. & Hyde, K.D. 2003. Microfungi of tropical and temperate palms. Hong Kong.
  
• Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Elix, J.A. & Kärnelfelt, I. 2006. A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 797-807.
  
• Vezda, A. 2004. Zur Systematik von Bacidia permira (foliicole Flechte, Ascomcyotina). – Czech Mycol. 56: 149-150.
  
• Vezda, A. 2004b. Neue foliicole Flechten III. – Acta Mus. Richnov., sect. Natur. 11: 57-72.
  
• Walker, J. 2004. Claviceps phalaridis in Australia: biology, pathology and taxonomy with a description of the new genus Cepsiclava (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae). Australas. Pl. Path. 33: 211-239.
  
• Wang, Z., Binder, M., Schoch, C.L., Johnston, P.R., Spatafora, J.W. & Hibbett, D.S. 2006. Evolution of helotialean fungi (Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina): a nuclear rDNA phylogeny. – Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 41: 295-312.
  
• Zhou, Q.-M., Wei, J.-C., Ahti, T., Stenroos, S. & Högnabba, F. 2006. The systematic position of Gymnoderma and Cetradonia based on SSU rDNA sequences. – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 871-880.
  

• Zhuang, W.-Y. & Liu, C.-Y. 2006. A new species of Geopyxis (Pezizales, Pyrenometaceae) with ornamented ascospores from China. – Nova Hedwigia 83: 177-186.
  
  

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2006-10-18

4476. Acanthotrema A. Frisch
This monotypic genus was described by Frisch (2006) to accommodate Thelotrema brasilianum; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4477. Acarospora A. Massal.
The genus is restricted by Crewe et al. (2006) to a monophyletic group of taxa related to the type species A. schleicheri. The A. smaragdula group and A. badiofusca are excluded from the genus in a strict sense.

4478. Acarosporaceae Zahlbr.
The delimitation of genera in this family is studied by Crewe et al. (2006) who demonstrate that the genera Acarospora, Polysporinopsis, and Sarcogyne are not monophyletic in their current circumscription; see also notes under Acarospora (4477) and Polysporinopsis (4543).

4479. Amphilogia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
This genus was described in Gryzenhout et al. (2005) and will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497).

4480. Ampliotrema Kalb
This genus was described by Kalb (2004), but the description lacked a generic type. The name has been validated by Frisch (2006). However, Frisch (2006) discussed the similarities to Ocellularia and Frisch et al. (2006) showed that Ampliotrema is nested within a strongly supported Ocellularia s.str. Consequently, Ampliotrema will be regarded a synonym of Ocellularia in the next outline; see also note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4481. Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from palm fronds and forming the teleomorph and a Cercosporula anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4482. Ascocoronospora Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from decaying litter and forming the teleomorph and a Coronospora anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Dothideomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4483. Ascofascicula Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil and forming the teleomorph in culture with ascospores that have a spiral-like ornamentation. The hymenium appeared to form without an enclosing structure. It is placed in the Ascomycota inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4484. Basidioascus Matsush.
This genus was described as an ascomycete by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil. The photographs in the publication clearly show hyphae with clamp connections and developing basidia with up to four basidiospores forming on elongate sterigmata. It is therefore excluded from Ascomycota and placed in Basidiomycota inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4485. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
The major clades in Botryosphaeriaceae are resolved by Crous et al. (2006) using nu LSU rDNA sequence data. 12 clades are recognized with two of them falling outside the family. Within the family ten lineages are accepted. The clades are characterized by distinct types of anamorphs. No new teleomorph generic name was proposed.

4486. Carassea S. Stenroos
Stenroos et al. (2002) showed in a phylogenetic analysis based on nu SSU rDNA sequences that Cladonia is not monophyletic. C. connexa is shown to be closer to Metus and Pilophorus and consequently segregated as a new genus Carassea. The monotypic genus occurs in South America, its primary thallus is unknown and it differs morphologically from Cladonia in having highly anastomosing thallus branches. It will be accepted in Cladoniaceae in the next outline.

4487. Celoporthe Nakab., Gryzenh, Jol. Roux & M.J. Wingf.
The genus was described by Nakabonge et al. (2006) for a pathogenic fungus on Myrtales in South Africa. The genus resembles Chrysoporthe, but is not closely related in a phylogenetic analysis and differs in morphological characters, such as short perithecial necks, cylindrical to ovoid conidia, and pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissue at the conidiomatal base. It will be accepted in Cryphonectriaceae in the next outline.

4488. Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
This genus is resurrected by Zipfel et al. (2006); see note under Ophiostoma (4537).

4489. Ceratostomella Sacc.
Reblova (2006) emended the generic concept of Ceratostomella, accepting four species and using multigene data found that its affinities are within the Sordariomycetidae in a large unsupported clade that includes members of the Ophiostomatales and the Annulatascaceae. It will be included in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4490. Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.
Huhndorf and Fernandez (2005) using data from ITS, expanded the concept of Chaetosphaeria to include additional scolecosporous species with distinct globose, outer ascomatal wall cells. This characterisitic was used by Matsushima (2003) to describe a new genus (see note 4538). Fernandez et al. (2006) upheld the monophyly of Chaetosphaeria and the separation of Zignoella and Melanopsammella from Chaetosphaeria in analyses using data from LSU and beta tubulin genes.

4491. Chaetosphaerides Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from plant material and forming the teleomorph and a Ramichloridium anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4492. Chapsa A. Massal.
This genus was resurrected by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4493. Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
The genus is used in a restricted sense by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4494. Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497).

4495. Cornipulvina Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernandez & Lodge
This genus was described for a single species with long-necked stromata and ellipsoid ascospores (Huhndorf et al. 2005). LSU sequence data places it in the Boliniaceae where it will be listed in the next outline.

4496. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4496). Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) proposed the conservation of the genus name with a conserved type, C. parasitica, against C. gyrosa.

4497. Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Gryzenhout et al. (2006) described this family to accommodate genera that cluster in the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and that are distinguished from other groups in the Diaporthales by pigmentation or distinctive color pigment reactions. Additional genera that cluster in this well supported familial clade are Amphilogia, Chrysoporthe and Rostraureum. All five genera form distinct and well supported clades.

4498. Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter
Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline.

4499. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr
The distinction of this family from Sporormiaceae is supported by Kruys et al. (2006).

4500. Diademaceae Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline.

4501. Didymosphaeriaceae Munk
Kruys et al. (2006) showed that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline.

4502. Endothia Fr.
This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497).

4503. Eremodothis Arx
Kruys et al. (2006) showed that this genus belongs to Sporormiaceae and not Testudinaceae. Hence it will be placed in the former in the next outline.

4504. Erythromada Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernandez & Lodge
This genus was described for a single species with superficial, clustered ascomata and scolecosporous ascospores (Huhndorf et al. 2005). LSU sequence data places it near Rimaconus among a group of unresolved taxa in the Sordariomycetidae. It will be listed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline.

4505. Fibrillithecis A. Frisch
This genus was described by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4506. Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans
This new genus was introduced by Cannon & Evans (1999) for two species from East Africa and the Seychelles occurring on Erythroxylaceae with initially brightly colored stromata. The genus will be listed in Phyllachoraceae.

4507. Gelasinospora Dowding
In a molecular study using partial LSU, Garcia et al (2004; see also Note #4194) determined that Gelasinospora could not be maintained as separate from Neurospora and was placed into synonymy under the earlier genus. In that study species of Sordaria were not included. With multiple gene analyses the picture changes. Cai et al. (2006) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, presented evidence that is suggestive of a complex relationship between species of Sordaria, Gelasinospora and Neurospora with species of Gelasinospora and Neurospora not forming a single monophyletic clade separate from species of Sordaria. As Gelasinospora and Neurospora appear to be closely related but do not resolve as monophyletic groups, Gelasinospora cannot be maintained as a synonym of Neurospora and will again be accepted as a separate genus in the Sordariaceae.

4508. Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch
Crous & Schoch (in Schoch et al. 2000) described the new genus Glionectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) with the type species G. tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch – O. Eriksson (in litt.).

4509. Grosmannia Gold.
This genus is re-instated by Zipfel et al. (2006); see note under Ophiostoma (4537).

4510. Gymnostellatospora Udag., Uchiy. & Kamiya
Rice & Currah (2006) confirmed that this genus is distinct from Pseudogymnoascus using ITS sequence data. Gymnostellatospora accommodates taxa with walnut-shaped ascospores with distinct longitudinal crests and striations.

4511. Gyrotrema A. Frisch
This monotypic genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006) to accommodate Ocellularia sinuosa; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4512. Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
This genus was described by Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) to accommodate Cryphonectria eucalypti that is distinguished by its ascospore septation from other Cryphonectria species and is distinct in a phylogenetic analysis. It was included in analyses of ITS data (Nakabonge et al. 2006) and clusters near Cryphonectria. The genus will be accepted in Cryphonectriaceae in the next ouline.

4513. Japewiella Printzen
This genus was segregated from Japewia (Printzen 1999) for species differing in spore wall morphology, paraphyses branching, structure of the exciple, and the presence of atranorin. The genus will be accepted in Lecanoraceae in the next ouline.

4514. Kazachstania Zubcova
Based on different ascospore walls and molecular data Kurtzman et al. (2005) accepted this genus as distinct from Saccharomyces. It includes pathogenic yeasts occurring in birds and mammals. The genus will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4515. Komagataella Y. Yamada, M Matsuda, K. Maeda & Mikata
This genus is accepted by Kurtzman (2005); it will be listed in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4516. Kuraishia Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata
Peter et al. (2005) used this generic name for a yeast-type isolated from wood-associated habitats. The genus will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4517. Lachancea Kurtzman
This genus was described by Kurtzman (2003) for a monophyletic group of species formerly placed in Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces. It will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4518. Lachnocaulon Clem. & Shaer. nom. illeg.
This genus is currently placed in Cladoniaceae. It is a later homonym of Lachnocaulon Kunth (1841). Acccording to Feuerer (see "Checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of New Zealand"; http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/checklists/australia-newzealand/newzealand_l.htm) it is a synonym of Stereocaulon and hence will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline. - O. Eriksson (in litt.).

4519. Lentomitella Höhn.
This genus is resurrected by Reblova (2006) for three species formerly in Ceratostomella that have a phaeoisaria-like anamorph in culture along with other morphological distinctions. The genus is separate from Ceratostomella using data from SSU and LSU but also lies within the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4520. Leptotrema Mont. & Bosch
The genus is used in a restricted sense by Frisch (2006) including only L. wightii; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4521. Letendraea Sacc.
Kruys et al. (2006) provided evidence that this genus does not belong to Tubeufiaceae, where it is currently placed. It will be placed in Pleosporales inc. sed. in the next outline.

4522. Leucodecton A. Massal.
This genus was resurrected by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4523. Lobariella Yoshim.
This genus was described by Yoshimura (2002) to accommodate the Lobaria crenulata group. Lobaria appeared non-monophyletic in some phylogenetic studies (e.g., Thomas et al. 2002, Stenroos et al. 2003) hence supporting a generic splitting as suggested by Yoshimura. However, in multi-gene studies (Wiklund & Wedin 2003, Wedin & Wiklund 2004) the genus is supported in the traditional circumscription as monophyletic. Until further evidence, Lobariella will be treated within Lobaria in the outline.

4524. Loflammiopsis Lücking & Kalb
This genus was described by Lücking & Kalb (2000) for a new foliicolous lichen collected in the Amazonian rainforest. It is placed in the Pilocarpaceae in the next outline.

4525. Malcolmiella Vezda
This genus was described by Vezda (1997) for lecideoid taxa with tube-like structures in the ascal tholus, paraplectenchymatous exciple and halonate ascospores. Several species were added by Lücking & Kalb (2000). This tropical genus will be accepted in the next outline and tentatively placed in Pilocarpaceae; molecular data are necessary to confirm this placement that is based on similarities in ascus-type.

4526. Malvinia Döbbeler
This monotypic genus was described by Döbbeler (2003) for a muscicolous fungus occurring in the Falkland Islands. It is placed in Ostropales inc. sed.

4527. Melanotrema A. Frisch
This genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4528. Menisporopascus Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from decaying litter and forming the teleomorph and a Menisporopsis anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4529. Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) distinguished this monotypic genus in Cryphonectriaceae based on their phylogenetic analysis and subtle morphological differences, such as small and superficial ascomata and long paraphyses between conidiophores.

4530. Myriotrema Fée
The circumscription of this genus is changed by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4531. Nakaseomyces Kurtzman
Nakaseomyces was described by Kurtzman (2003); it will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4532. Naumovia Kurtzman nom. illeg.
This genus was described by Kurtzman (2003) including two species. Unfortunately, the name is a younger homonym of Naumovia Dobrozr. (Dothideomycetes).

4533. Neococcomyces Y.R. Lin, C.T. Xiang & Z.Z. Li
Lin et al. (1999) described this new genus that belongs to Rhytismataceae. The genus is characterized by multi-angular ascomata opening by several radial or irregular splits and bifusiform, septate ascospores. Gao & Hou (2006) recently described an additional species in that genus.

4534. Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.
This genus is described for a new ascomycete (as "Nigramammilla") found in Ecuador and Hong Kong (Hyde & Fröhlich 2003) that is placed in Lasiosphaeriaceae, where it is distinguished by mammiform and thin-walled ascomata and asci with a distinctive apical ring. It does not however match the concept for the group outlined by Huhndorf et al (2004) and will be moved to the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4535. Notocladonia S. Hammer
The genus Ramalea is shown to be polyphyletic with Ramalea s.str. being outside Cladoniaceae and R. cochleata being transferred to the monotypic genus Notocladonia (Hammer 2003). It will be accepted in Cladoniaceae in the next outline, while Ramalea will be moved to Lecanorales inc. sed.

4536. Ocellularia G. Mey.
The circumscription of this genus is changed by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4537. Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.
The heterogeneity of the genus has been supported in a multi-gene phylogenetic study by Zipfel et al. (2006). Two distinct groups are segregated at generic level and will be accepted in the next outline. Species with Leptographium anamorphs are included in the genus Grosmannia, while the genus Ceratocystiopsis includes cycloheximide-sensitive species with short perithecial necks, falcate ascospores and Hyalorhinocladiella anamorphs.

4538. Paragaeumannomyces Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species with distinctive spherical cells in the outer ascomatal wall. The species described is the same as Chaetosphaeria raciborskii, so the genus is considered a synonym of Chaetosphaeria in the Chaetosphaeriaceae.

4539. Paratalaromyces Matsush.
This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil and forming the teleomorph and a Penicillium anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Eurotiomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established.

4540. Piedraiaceae Viégas ex Cif., Bat. & Campos
This family is shown to belong to Myriangiales (Kruys et al. 2006), where it will be placed in the next outline.

4541. Podostroma P. Karst.
Chamberlain et al. (2004) include Podostroma in Hypocrea based on similarities of microscopic and anamorphic characters. The genus will be included in Hypocrea in the next outline.

4542. Polysporella Woron.
Woronichin (1916) described this genus with the type species P. woronowii Woron. (Mycosphaerellaceae) – O. Eriksson (in. litt.).

4543. Polysporinopsis Vezda
This genus is shown to be polyphyletic by Crewe et al. (2006) and the type (P. sinopica) is shown to belong to Acarospora s.str. Consequently, the genus will be treated as a synonym of Acarospora in the next outline.

4544. Potridiscus Döbbeler & Triebel
This muscicolous genus was described by Döbbeler & Triebel (2000) and is placed in Helotiales inc. sed. in the next outline.

4545. Pseudocalopadia Lücking
This genus was described to accommodate a foliicolous lichen that is morphologically somewhat intermediate between Barubia and Calopadia (Lücking 1999). It will be accepted in Pilocarpaceae in the next outline.

4546. Pseudogymnoascus Raillo
Rice & Currah (2006) confirmed that this genus is distinct from Gymnostellatospora using ITS sequence data. Pseudogymnoascus includes species with smooth to verrucose or lobate-reticulate ascospores.

4547. Pulveria Malloch & C.T. Rogerson
Stadler et al. (2005) treated Pulveria as a synonym of Pyrenomyxa Morgan (Xylariaceae, Xylariales). – O. Eriksson (in litt.).

4548. Pyrenomyxa Morgan
Stadler et al. (2005) accepted and emended the genus Pyrenomyxa (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) – O. Eriksson (in litt.).

4549. Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
See note under Trypetheliaceae (4563).

4550. Ramalea Nyl.
See note under Notocladonia (4535).

4551. Redingeria A. Frisch
This genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4552. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497).

4553. Sablicola E.B.G. Jones, K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed
Sablicola (as "Sablecola") was described as a new genus in Pang et al. (2004) to accommodate marine fungus with ascospores having two polar and four equatorial, flattened, attenuate, strap-like appendages with parallel striations, which disintegrate in seawater. The genus is placed in Halosphaeriaceae and will be accepted in the next outline.

4554. Shiraia P. Henn.
This genus is currently placed with uncertain affinities in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes and was shown to belong to Pleosporales by Kruys et al. (2006).

4555. Sporormiaceae Munk
Monophyly of this family (including Eremodothis) is strongly supported by Kruys et al. (2006).

4556. Stegobolus Mont.
This genus was resurrected by Frisch & Kalb (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4557. Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels
This monotypic genus is segregated from Nectriella (Schroers et al. 1999) and will be listed in Bionectriaceae in the next outline.

4558. Tapellariopsis Lücking
This genus includes a foliicolous lichen that is morphologically intermediate between Tapellaria and Calopadia (Lücking 1999). It will be accepted in Pilocarpaceae in the next outline.

4559. Testudinaceae Arx
This family will be moved from from Ascomycota inc. sed. to Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes in the next outline based on the studies by Kruys et al. (2006).

4560. Thelotrema Ach.
The circumscription of this genus is changed by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561).

4561. Thelotremataceae (Nyl.) Stizenb.
In a series of three papers (Frisch 2006, Frisch & Kalb 2006, Frisch et al. 2006), the generic concept in this family has been revised. Five new genera are described and three old names resurrected. Historically the bulk of tropical species with trentepohlioid photobiont were placed in four schematic genera based on ascospore septation and pigmentation. This coarse classification was revised by Hale (1980) who distinguished three main genera based on the exciple-type (presence and absence of lateral paraphyses, presence of a columella, carbonization of the exciple). In their new classification Frisch (2006) and Frisch and Kalb (2006) distinguish 16 genera. In addition to the characters used by Hale (1980) they employ a wide array of characters in their classification, including ascoma morphology, ascus morphology, paraphyses agglutination, epihymenium-type, ascospore pigmentation, septation and wall thickness, conidia morphology, presence of vegetative propagules, thallus anatomy, secondary chemistry, and substrate ecology. Frisch et al. (2006) provide a molecular analysis using mt SSU rDNA sequence data to test the new classification. The taxon sampling and the lack of support for most of the backbone in the phylogeny does not allow many conclusions, but some results of the molecular analysis contradict the proposed classification; however, consequences are not drawn by the authors. These include that the resurrected genus Stegobolus is shown to be polyphyletic and that by the acceptance of Ampliotrema the genus Ocellularia s.str. becomes paraphyletic. A number of species remain formally unclassified. Despite the provisional nature of the new classification, it certainly represents a huge step forward towards a more natural generic classification within the family and hence all genera suggested in Frisch (2006) and Frisch & Kalb (2006) will be accepted in the next outline with the exception of Ampliotrema, which is clearly shown to be nested within a monophyletic Ocellularia. Consequently, Ampliotrema is regarded a synonym of Ocellularia.

4562. Trichomonascus H.S. Jackson
Kurtzman (2004) confirmed using LSU rDNA sequences that the genus belongs to Endomycetaceae where it was previously placed with a question mark.

4563. Trypetheliaceae Zenker
Del Prado et al. (2006) studied the phylogenetic position of this family using nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence data. They showed that the family does not belong to Pyrenulales as previously thought, but is a further lichenized member of Dothideomycetes in addition to Arthopyreniaceae. Monophyly of lichenized Dothideomycetes was significantly rejected, suggesting independent origin or loss of this nutritional mode within the class. The order will be placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. in the next outline.

4564. Vanderwaltozyma Kurtzman
Two species are classified in this genus by Kurtzman (2003), which will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

4565. Xylomelasma Reblova
This genus is described by Reblova (2006) for two species morphologically distinct from Ceratostomella. In analyses using data from SSU and LSU the genus is separate from Ceratostomella but also lies within the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed.

4566. Zopfiaceae G. Arnaud ex D. Hawksw.
This family is currently placed in Dotideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes inc. sed., but Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated it belongs to Pleosporales, where it will be listed in the next outline.

4567. Zygotorulaspora Kurtzman
A well supported clade including two species is accepted at generic level by Kurtzman (2003), which will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline.

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• Kurtzman, C.P. 2004. Trichomonascus petasosporus sp. nov. and Sympodiomyces indianaensis sp. nov., two new members of Saccharomycetales. – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 85: 297-304.
  
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• Nakabonge, G., Gryzenhout, M., Roux, J., Wingfield, B.D. & Wingfield, M.J. 2006. Celoporthe dispersa gen. et sp. nov. from native Myrtales in South Africa. – Stud. Mycol. 55: 255-267.
  
• Pang, K.-L., Jones, E.B.G. & Vrijmoed, L.P. 2004. Two new marine fungi from China and Singapore, with the description of a new genus, Sablecola (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). – Can. J. Bot. 82: 485-490.
  
• Peter, G., Dlauchy, D., Tornai-Lehoczki, J. & Kurtzman, C.P). 2005. Kuraishia molischiana sp. nov., the teleomorph of Candida molischiana. – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 88: 241-247.
  
• Printzen, C. 1999. Japewiella gen. nov., a new lichen genus and a new species from Mexico. – Bryologist 102: 714-719.
  
• Reblova, M. 2006. Molecular systematics of Ceratostomella sensu lato and morphologically similar fungi. – Mycologia 98: 68-93.
  
• Rice, A.V. & Currah, R.S. 2006. Two new species of Pseudogymnoascus with Geomyces anamorphs and their phylogenetic relationship with Gymnostellatospora. – Mycologia 98: 307-318.
  
• Schroers, H.-J., Samuels, G.J. & Gams, W. 1999. Stephanonectria, a new genus of Hypocreales (Bionectriaceae), and its sporodochial anamorph. – Sydowia 51: 114-126.
  
• Stadler M., Læssøe T., & Vasilyeva L. 2005. The genus Pyrenomyxa and its affinities to other cleistocarpous Hypoxyloideae as inferred from morphological and chemical traits. - Mycologia 97: 1129-1139.
  
• Stenroos, S., Stocker-Wörgötter, E., Yoshimura, I., Myllys, L., Thell, A. & Hyvönen, J. 2003. Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobaria photomorphs. – Can. J. Bot. 81: 232-247.
  
• Stenroos, S., Myllys, L., Thell, A. & Hyvönen, J. 2002. Phylogenetic hypotheses: Cladoniaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Baeomycetaceae, and Icmadophilaceae revisited. – Mycol. Progress 1: 267-282.
  
• Thomas, M.A., Ryan, D.J., Farnden, K.J. & Galloway, D.J. 2002. Observations on phylogenetic relationships within Lobariaceae Chevall. (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in New Zealand, based on ITS-5.8S molecular sequence data. – Bibl. Lichenol. 82: 123-138.
  
• Vezda, A. 1997. Schedae ad lichenes rariores exsiccati, Fasc. XXVII: 1-7.
  
• Wedin, M. & Wiklund, E. 2004. The phylogenetic relationships of Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae revisited. – Symb. Bot. Upsal. 34(1): 469-475.
  
• Wiklund, E. & Wedin, M. 2003. The phylogenetic relationships of the cyanobacterial lichens in the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae. – Cladistics 19: 419-431.
  
• Woronichin N.N. (1916). Izvestiya Kavkaz. Muz. 10(1): 7 (1916).
  
• Yoshimura, I. 2002. Lobariella. - In: Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C. & Bungartz, F. (eds.): Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. I. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 270-272.
  
• Zipfel, R.D., de Beer, Z.W., Jacobs, K., Wingfield, B.D. & Wingfield, M.J. 2006. Multi-gene phylogenies define Ceratocystiopsis and Grosmannia distinct from Ophiostoma. – Stud. Mycol. 55: 75-97.
  

• Articus, K. 2004. Neuropogon and the phylogeny of Usnea s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes). – Taxon 53: 925-934.
  
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• Cai, L., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. 2006. Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology. – Mycol. Res. 110: 137-150.
  
• Cai, L., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. 2006b. Molecular systematics of Zopfiella and allied genera: evidence from multi-gene sequence analyses. – Mycol. Res. 110: 359-368.
  
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• Ertz, D., Christnach, C., Wedin, M. & Diederich, P. 2005. A world monograph of the genus Plectocarpon (Roccellacreae, Arthoniales). – Bibl. Lichenol. 91: 1-155.
  
• Grube, M. 2005. Frigidopyrenia – a new genus for a peculiar subarctic lichen, with notes on similar taxa. – Phyton 45: 305-318.
  
• Grube, M. & Kantvilas, G. 2006. Siphula represents a remarkable case of morphological convergence in sterile lichens. – Lichenologist 38: 241-249.
  
• Hafellner, J. & Kalb, K. 1995. Studies in Trichotheliales ordo novus. – Bibl. Lichenol. 57: 161-186.
  
• Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10ø Tour of the Pyrenolichens. - Publ. by the Author, Bronx, N.Y.
  
• Jiang, Y. & Yao, Y.-J. 2005. ITS sequence analysis and ascomatal development of Pseudogymnoascus roseus. – Mycotaxon 94: 55-73.
  
• Kodsueb, R., Jeewon, R., Vijaykrishna, D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Lumyong, P., Lumyong, S. & Hyde, K.D. 2006. Systematic studies of Tubeufiaceae based on morphological and molecular data. – Fungal Div. 21: 105-130.
  
• Kohlmeyer, J. & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. 1996. Fungi on Juncus roemerianus. 6. Glomerobolus gen. nov., the first ballistic member of Agonomycetales. – Mycologia 88: 328-337.
  
• McCarthy, P.M. 1995. A reappraisal of Clathroporina Müll. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae). - Lichenologist 27: 321-350.
  
• Ohmura, Y. 2002. Phylogenetic evaluation of infrageneric groups of the genus Usnea based on ITS regions in rDNA. – J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 91: 231-243.
  
• Petrak, F. 1953. Ein Beitrag zur Pilzflora Floridas. Sydowia 7:103-132.
  
• Schoch, C.L., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Tsui, C.K.M. & Spatafora, J.W. 2006. The halotolerant fungus Glomerobolus gelineus is a member of the Ostropales. – Mycol. Res. 110: 257-263.
  
• Tsui, C.K.M. & Berbee, M.L. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and convergence of helicosporous fungi inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. – Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 39: 587-597.
  
• Wirtz, N., Printzen, C., Sancho, L.G. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2006. The phylogeny and classification of Neuropogon and Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) revisited. - Taxon 55: 367-376.
  

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2006-05-30

4408. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
In a phylogenetic study using partial LSU rDNA sequences (Vijaykrishna et al. 2005) the family fell into two distinct clades, one was sister to Ophiostomatales and another clade basal to these two groups.

4409. Annulohypoxylon Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.-M. Hsieh
Hypoxylon sect. Annulata was raised to generic level by Hsieh et al. (2005); see note under Hypoxylon.

4410. Anziaceae M. Sato
Based on deviating ascospores this family is often kept separate from Parmeliaceae (e.g., Kärnefelt & Thell 1992). However, it agrees with the latter family in ascomatal anatomy and molecular studies (Mattsson & Wedin 1999, Thell et al. 2004) supported its inclusion in Parmeliaceae. Consequently, Anzia will be included in Parmeliaceae in the next outline.

4411. Ascomycota
Lopandic et al. (2005) used a SSU rDNA phylogeny framework to discuss chemical differences in major clades of Ascomycota. Cell wall carbohydrates and ubiquinone components were analyzed within numerous Ascomycota. Saccharomycotina were found to have a glucose-mannose pattern differing from that of Pezizomycotina, while basal Ascomycota showed a glucose-mannose-galactose-rhamnose-(fucose) profile. Differences in the ubiquinone patterns were also found. This underlines the phylogenetic importance of chemotaxonomic characters to circumscribe major lineages in fungi. The authors interpret their chemotaxonomic results, however, as contradictive to molecular phylogenies in placing Saccharomycotina at the base of Ascomycota.

4412. Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde
This new genus was described for a new species collected from submerged bamboo in China (Cai et al. 2005). A single collection is known and hence no molecular data are available for a placement of this enigmatic fungus that has deeply immersed, ostiolate ascomata, hyaline guttulate ascospores that germinate to form dark brown to black, globose, tuberculate secondary spores. The genus will be placed in Sordariomycetes incertae sedis.

4413. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but molecular studies (e.g., Lutzoni et al. 2004, Wedin et al. 2005) supported its placement in Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis.

4414. Bryogomphus Lücking, W.R. Buck, Sérus. & L.I. Ferraro
The recently described species Gomphillus caribaeus (Buck 1998) was shown to differ from Gomphillus s.str. in having lecanoroid, Sporopodium-type asci and a prosoplectenchymatous exciple (Lücking et al. 2005). The new genus is placed in Pilocarpaceae (Lecanorales).

4415. Bulbotrichella V. Marcano, S. Mohali & A. Morales
This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but Lumbsch (1997) showed that its distinction was based on conidiomata that in fact belong to a lichenicolous fungus. Hence, the genus is treated as a synonym of Bulbothrix in the next outline.

4416. Candelariaceae Hakul.
Currently this family is included in Lecanoraceae, but phylogenetic analyses showed that it has a basal position in Lecanoromycetes and is not closely related to Lecanoraceae (e.g., Wedin et al. 2005). Thus it will be accepted as an independent family in the next outline.

4417. Chondropsis Nyl.
This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but since morphological and molecular data have shown it to be part of Xanthoparmelia (Hawksworth & Crespo 2002, Blanco et al. 2004), it will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline.

4418. Coenogoniaceae (Fr.) Stizenb.
Kauff & Büdel (2005) presented morphological evidence that supports the distinction of Coenogoniaceae from Gyalectaceae proposed by Kauff & Lutzoni (2002) based on molecular data. They showed that members of Coenogoniaceae differ in ascomatal ontogeny and anatomy, ascospore size and septation, and thallus and pycnidial anatomy.

4419. Dasyscyphus Nees
The genus is shown to be a synonym of Lachnum (Hyaloscyphaceae) by Suková (2005). For the later homonym Dasyscyphus Fuckel, nom. illeg. the new name Neodasyscypha Suková & Spooner is proposed; see note under that name.

4420. Enterographa Fée
The genus is revised by Sparrius (2004). He accepted 35 species, mainly distributed in the tropics.

4421. Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde
This new genus was described by Vijaykrishna et al. (2005) to accommodate a freshwater fungus with fusoid ascospores with mucilaginous pads at both apices and long cylindrical asci with refractive apical rings. The genus is placed in Annulatascaceae, which was found to be polyphyletic (see under Annulatascaceae).

4422. Hyaloscyphaceae Nannf.
A phylogenetic study employing nu SSU rDNA sequences by Untereiner et al. (2006) showed the family to be polyphyletic.

4423. Hypoxylon Bull.
Beta-tubulin and alpha-actin sequence data were used by Hsieh et al. (2005) to infer phylogenetic relationships among several xylariaceous genera with nodulisporioid anamorphs. Hypoxylon was found to be polyphyletic with Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon closely related to Daldinia and Hypoxylon sect. Annulata as a distinct lineage. The latter was accepted as a separate genus Annulohypoxylon.

4424. Lasiobolidium Malloch & Cain
The placement of Lasiobolidium in Pyrenomataceae is supported Hansen et al. (2005); see note under Orbicula.

4425. Lithographa Nyl.
Coppins & Fryday (2006) described a new species from the Subantarctic Campbell Island that differs from previously described species in having submuriform ascospores. Septate ascospores are very rare in Agyriales and were previously known only in Anzina.

4426. Moristroma A.I. Romero & Samuels
The genus, which is currently placed in Teichosporaceae (Pleosporales), has been studied by Nordén et al. (2005). Their analysis of the ITS and LSU rDNA suggested a placement in Chaetothyriomycetidae instead. It differs from other Chaetothyriales, however, in lacking periphyses and hence will be classified as Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis.

4427. Neodasyscypha Suková & Spooner
For Dasyscyphus Fuckel, nom. illeg. this new generic name was proposed by Suková (2005), which has been proposed previously (Spooner 1987) but not validly published. Neodasyscypha will be included in the next outline in Hyaloscyphaceae.

4428. Neofuscelia Essl.
This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but since molecular data have shown it to be part of Xanthoparmelia (Blanco et al. 2004), it will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline.

4429. Nephromopsis Müll. Arg.
Thell et al. (2005) studied the phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) with bifusiform conidia, dorsiventral thalli that contain usnic acid using ITS, beta-tubulin, and GAPDH sequences. Tuckneraria is polyphyletic and nested within Nephromopsis. Consequently, the concept of Nephromopsis is enlarged to include Tuckneraria and some species previously classified in Cetraria sensu lato. The genus has its center of distribution in eastern Asia and includes 19 species.

4430. Nyungwea Sérus., Eb. Fischer & Killmann
Sérusiaux et al. (2006) described a new crustose lichen collected in east Africa in this new genus. It is unusual in producing goniocysts in pale stipes. Its taxonomic position is unclear, since it is only known in sterile condition and no molecular data are presented. Nyungwea will be listed as genus of uncertain affinities in the next outline.

4431. Orbicula Cooke
The placement of this cleistothecial genus in Pyrenomataceae is supported by a phylogenetic study using nu SSU rDNA sequences (Hansen et al. 2005). Orbicula parietina and Lasiobolidium orbiculoides, a second cleistothecial fungus, studied by Hansen et al. (2005), were deeply nested within Pyrenomataceae.

4432. Peterjamesia D. Hawksw.
For nomenclatural reasons this new generic name is introduced to accommodate two taxa previously placed in Sclerophytomyces Cif. & Tomas., which is an illegitimate name (Hawksworth 2006).

4433. Podospora Ces.
See note under Schizothecium.

4434. Protoparmeliopsis M. Choisy
This genus is currently accepted in the outline. It is a name available for the Lecanora muralis group in the heterogeneous genus Lecanora. However, since currently we lack sufficient data, the genus will be listed as a synonym of Lecanora until further data become available.

4435. Protothelenellaceae Vezda, H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but Schmitt et al. (2005) demonstrated it belongs to Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis in the next outline.

4436. Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge
This genus is described with two newly described species collected in Cameroon and China, which are parasites onscale insects (Chaverri et al. 2006). The new genus is classified in Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales). Morphological and molecular evidence are presented that show the relationships of the new genus and its distinctiveness. Morphologically the genus is characterized by perithecia partly immersed in a subiculum, noncapitate asci, unicellular fusiform ascospores and pycnidial-acervular conidiomata.

4437. Schaereria Th. Fr.
Schaereria is currently placed in Agyriaceae, but recent molecular studies suggest that it does not belong here (e.g., Lumbsch et al. 2004, Wedin et al. 2005). Its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain, but since it is not closely related to Agyriaceae it will be treated as a separate family Schaereriaceae Hafellner in the next outline.

4438. Schizothecium Corda
Cai et al. (2005a) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, found that Schizothecium formed a distinct well-supported clade while Podospora is polyphyletic. Schizothecium is also distinguished by the morphological character of swollen agglutinated hairs on the ascomata but ascal and ascospore morphological characters overlap with the genus Podospora. Ascospore shape is thought to be phylogenetically informative at the species level, however gelatinous ascospore appendages appear to be less informative.

4439. Sclerophyton Eschw.
The genus is revised and enlarged to include species with hyaline, macrocephalic ascospores, thick septa, clavate-cylindrical asci and ascomata in pseudostromata (Sparrius 2004).

4440. Sclerophytomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Taxa with wide paraphysoids and pigmented ascospores are segregated from Sclerophyton by Sparrius (2004) in the genus Sclerophytomyces (as “Scleorphytonomyces”). This generic name, however, is illegitimate; see note under Peterjamesia.

4441. Stereocaulaceae Chevall.
The phylogeny of this family was studied by Myllys et al. (2005) using beta-tubulin, GAPDH and SSU rDNA sequences. The placement of Lepraria in Stereocaulaceae was confirmed and Muhria was nested within Stereocaulon. This agrees with the analysis of Ekman & Tønsberg (2002). Myllys et al. (2005) discussed morphological characters that support a placement of Muhria in Stereocaulon including similar acoma development, crustose growth form, and the secondary metabolites to some Stereocaulon spp. Cephalodia, which are characteristic for fruticose Stereocaulon spp., are not formed by the crustose taxa, nor in Muhria. Hence, Muhria will be treated as a synonym of Stereocaulon in the next outline. The combination of the single species of Muhria into Stereocaulon will be made by Filip Högnabba elsewhere (Högnabba, pers. comm.).

4442. Stirtoniella D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix
This new genus in Ramalinaceae is described for a species previously included in Catillaria. The authors provide tabular comparisons with many similar genera (Galloway et al. 2005).

4443. Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf
Fernández & Huhndorf (2005) described this genus for one species that differs from morphologically similar species in Chaetosphaeria and Zignoella. Tainosphaeria is characterized by perithecial ascomata with a thickened wall and a anamorph with setulose conidia. It is classified in the Chaetosphaericeae.

4444. Tetramelas Norman
Nordin & Tibell (2005) presented a phylogenetic study, showing that the genus forms a monophyletic group close or including Buellia elegans and B. zoharyi. Buellia s.str. was sister-group to the latter two species and Tetramelas. The authors interpreted their results as support for a distinction of Tetramelas from Buellia. However, it should be noted that Buellia including Tetramelas would be monophyletic in their analyses as well. A wider taxon sampling will be necessary to address the issue of generic boundaries in Buellia s.lat.

4445. Thelenellaceae H. Mayrhofer
This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but recent molecular studies (Schmitt et al. 2005) showed it belongs to Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis in the next outline.

4446. Togninia Berl.
The genus and its anamorph Phaeoacremonium is monographed by Mostert et al. (2006). Phylogenies of the SSU and LSU rDNA supported a placement of Togninia in Diaporthales.

4447. Trematosphaeria Fuckel
The generic concepts in this group of fungi are discussed by Tanaka et al. (2005), who point out that the genusappears morphologically heterogeneous.

4448. Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr
In a phylogenetic study using SSU and LSU rDNA (Tsui & Berbee 2006), the Tubeufiaceae s. str. formed a strongly supported monophyletic group including five species of Tubeufia and most species of the asexual genera Helicoma, Helicomyces, and Helicosporium. The asexual genera were not monophyletic and traditional morphological characters were more useful for species delimitation than for higher level relationships. Tubeufia pezizula unexpectedly clustered with Capronia in the Chaetothyriales and misidentification or contamination of the culture were speculated. Helicodendron and Helicoon were polyphyletic with representatives occurring in different ascomycete orders. Other members traditionally placed in the  Tubeufiaceae clustered in Pleosporales (Acanthostigmella brevispina and Letandraea helminthicola) or in Dothideomycetes (Tyrannosorus pinicola).

4449. Tuckneraria Randlane & A. Thell
This genus is reduced to synonymy with Nephromopsis by Thell et al. (2005), see note under Nephromopsis.

• Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Elix, J.A., Hawksworth, D.L. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2004. A new classification of parmelioid  lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) based on morphological and molecular evidence. - Taxon 53: 959-975.
• Buck, W.R 1998: Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genus Gomphillus (Gomphillaceae). - In: Glenn, M.G., Harris, R.C., Dirig, R. & Cole, M.S. (eds.): Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York, pp. 71-76.
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